Table 1 Patient characteristics

Age (years), mean ± SD (range)

74.0 ± 9.55 (39–92)

Sex (male/female)

73/43

BMI (kg/m²), mean ± SD (range)

22.39 ± 3.65 (14.20–32.46)

Preoperative laboratory data, mean ± SD (range)

 Albumin concentration (g/dL)

3.79 ± 0.53 (1.70–4.80)

 Platelet count (× 10⁴/mm³)

21.65 ± 66.61 (3.37–46.30)

 Neutrophil count (× 10³/mm³)

3.75 ± 1.88 (1.01–15.39)

 Lymphocyte count (× 10³/mm³)

1.58 ± 0.74 (0.48–5.80)

 CRP level (mg/dL)

1.16 ± 2.77 (0.01–24.18)

 CEA level (ng/mL)

6.02 ± 13.12 (0.56–113.06)

 CA19-9 level (U/mL)

1 019.91 ± 4 156.75 (2.00–39,284.20)

 PNI

45.79 ± 6.53 (22.21–62.98)

 GPS (0/1/2)

72/33/11

 CAR

0.39 ± 1.41 (0.002–14.22)

 NLR

2.80 ± 2.24 (0.75–14.76)

 PLR

158 ± 85 (41–561)

Type of cancer, n (%)

 Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

30 (25.9)

 Gallbladder carcinoma

29 (25.0)

 Distal cholangiocarcinoma

27 (23.3)

 Ampullary carcinoma

17 (14.7)

 Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma

13 (11.2)

Preoperative cholangitis, n (%)

43 (37.1)

Comorbidities (absent/present)

34/82

Surgical procedure, n (%)

 Cholecystectomy

11 (9.5)

 Bile duct resection w/o liver resection

1 (0.9)

 Minor hepatectomy

25 (21.6)

 Major hepatectomy

35 (30.2)

 Pancreaticoduodenectomy

42 (36.2)

 Hepatopancreaticoduodenectomy

2 (1.7)

Operation time (minutes), mean ± SD (range)

457.1 ± 171.1 (124–1049)

Blood loss (mL), mean ± SD (range)

772.2 ± 1 507.8 (10–13,870)

Blood transfusion, n (%)

16 (13.8)

T stage (1/2/3/4)

18/39/51/8

N stage (1), n (%)

47 (40.5)

UICC stage (sixth edition) (0/I/II/III/IV)

3/17/48/31/16

Resection (R0/R1/R2)

98/15/3

Tumor differentiation (well/moderate/poor/pap/well-pap/other/unknown)

43/32/9/7/5/7/13

Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, n (%)

80 (69.0)

Postoperative complications (Clavien–Dindo grade ≥ IIIa) (absent/present)

43/73