Target organ | Clinical features |
---|---|
Liver | Abnormal liver enzymes, asymptomatic hepatomegaly, acute or chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatic encephalopathy, and fulminant hepatitis [4] |
Nervous system | Motor dysfunctions: dystonia, Parkinsonism, choreoathetosis, tremor, ataxia, dysarthria, oropharyngeal dysfunction; seizures [21] |
 | Nonmotor symptoms: school failure, personality disorders, mood changes, psychosis, cognitive abnormalities, sleep disorders, and autonomic disturbances, impulsiveness, sexual exhibitionism, inappropriate behavior [21] |
Ophthalmologic manifestations | Kayser–Fleischer ring; sunflower cataract [22]; slowing of saccades, impaired upgaze, and strabismus |
Blood | Hemolytic anemia (Coombs-negative hemolytic anemia) [23]; thrombocytopenia; HELLP syndrome; leukopenia |
Kidney | Glomerulonephritis; nephrotic syndrome; renal tubular function disorder (renal tubular acidosis, aminoaciduria) [24]; IgA nephropathy [12]; IgM nephropathy [8]; Fanconi syndrome [25]; nephrolithiasis [26] |
Musculoskeletal and joint diseases | Osteoporosis; osseomuscular; arthritis or arthralgias [27]; muscle weakness [28] |
Endocrine system | Male feminization; paramenia [29]; habitual abortion [30]; infertility, sexual retardation [31]; hyperprolactinemia; hypoparathyroidism; insulinoma [32]; hypokalemia |
Cardiovascular system | Electrocardiographic abnormalities; cardiac interstitial fibrosis [33], myocarditis [33] |
Others | Pancreatitis [34]; cholangitis [35]; hyperpigmentation [36]; acanthosis nigricans [37] |