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Table 3 Baseline clinical indicators in independent groups matched by demographics

From: Intriguing findings of liver fibrosis following COVID-19

Parameters

Patients group

Kruskal–Wallis, p value

η2

COVID-19 (n = 31)

Post-COVID (n = 58)

Control (n = 17)

Demographics

 Age, years ± SD

 (Min–max)

46.1 ± 11.0

26–65

41.2 ± 13.4

20–66

42.8 ± 11.0

26–63

2.82

p = 0.244

0.01

 Females

48%

47%

47%

  

Indicators of fibrosis

 FIB-4 (IQR)

1.45a (0.85; 3.31)

0.59b (0.45; 0.77)

0.62b (0.54; 1.01)

30.17

p < 0.001

0.28

 FIB-4 ≤ 1.45

52%

95%

94%

  

 FIB-4 1.46–3.24

19%

3%

6%

  

 FIB-4 ≥ 3.25

29%

2%

0%

  

 HA, ng/ml (IQR)

51.80a (31.84; 81.50)

35.95b (15.93; 70.18)

26.30b (16.35; 34.80)

11.91

p = 0.003

0.10

 HA ≥ 75 ng/ml

32%

15%

0%

  

Enzymes

 ALT, U/l (IQR)

26 (14; 46)

26 (20; 36)

24 (20; 33)

3.58

p = 0.167

0.02

 AST, U/l (IQR)

30a (21; 42)

19b (17; 24)

20b (18; 28)

16.28

p < 0.001

0.14

 LDH, U/l (IQR)

253.5a (184.0; 374.8)

166.0b (154.8; 190.5)

185.0b (154.0; 212.5)

66.99

p < 0.001

0.25

Blood cells

 WBC, × 103/µl (IQR)

5.10 (4.19; 6.99)

5.55 (4.73; 6.44)

6.48 (5.26; 7.52)

3.58

p = 0.167

0.02

 RBC, × 106/µl (IQR)

4.46a (4.21; 5.02)

4.87b (4.59; 5.15)

4.63ab (4.30; 5.20)

7.01

p = 0.030

0.05

 Platelet, × 103/µl (IQR)

183a (144; 212)

248b (200; 271)

251b (213; 294)

16.55

p < 0.001

0.14

 CD4+ T lymphocytes, cells/mm3 (IQR)

479a (401; 682)

830b (665; 1035)

860b (710; 1020)

20.14

p < 0.001

0.18

 CD4+  < 400 cells/mm3

24%

5%

0%

  

Inflammatory markers

 CRP, mg/l (IQR)

28.00a (5.90; 68.80)

0.65b (0.31; 1.77)

0.60ab (0.31; 2.08)

49.00

p < 0.001

0.46

 Ferritin, ng/ml (IQR)

291.7a (142.8; 918.1)

108.5b (72.8; 165.3)

108.0b (47.9; 304.5)

16.79

p < 0.001

0.15

 IL-6, pg/ml (IQR)

11.18a (5.07; 28.08)

3.45b (2.35; 4.90)

3.5b (2.0; 4.3)

35.55

p < 0.001

0.33

 ESR, mm/h (IQR)

23.0a (18.0; 43.5)

2.0b (2.0; 4.3)

2.0b (2.0; 2.5)

66.99

p < 0.001

0.64

Renal function

 Creatinine, µmol/l (IQR)

76 (65; 87)

71 (65; 78)

74 (63; 85)

1.39

p = 0.498

0.01

  1. Different superscripts indicate significant differences between subgroups. IQR, interquartile range; HA, hyaluronic acid; WBC, leucocytes; RBC, erythrocytes; CRP, C-reactive protein; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; IL-6, interleukin 6; ESR, erythrocytes sedimentation rate; η2, estimate of the effect size for the Kruskal–Wallis test. Missing data reduced the number of measures in the COVID-19 group in LDH (n = 28), CD4+ (n = 21), IL-6 (n = 26), and ESR (n = 29)