The influence of a gluten-free diet on health-related quality of life in individuals with celiac disease

Table 2 Health-related quality of life based on Short Form 36 findings in participants with celiac disease living in Saudi Arabia (n = 97)

SF-36	Patients with CD (n = 97)	Adherence to GFD (n = 71)	Non-adherence to GFD (n = 26)	P value^a	Food secure (n = 37)	Food insecure (n = 60)
Physical functioning^b	80 (58–100)	80 (50–100)	)8765–100)	0.435	85 (65–100)	75 (51–95)
Role limitation due to physical health problems^b	75 (13–100)	75 (25–100)	75 (0–100)	0.851	100 (25–100)	63 (0–100)
Role limitation due to emotional problems^b	33 (0–100)	67 (0–100)	0 (0–100)	0.083	67 (0–100)	0)0–100)
Energy/ fatigue^b	50 (35–60)	50 (35–60)	45 (40–50)	0.344	55 (38–60)	45 (35–54)
Emotional well-being^c	56 ± 20	56 ± 21	55 ± 17	0.734	62 ± 20	52 ± 19
Social functioning^b	63 (38–88)	63 (38–88)	63 (50–88)	0.557	75 (50–88)	63 (38–75)
Pain^b	78 (55–90)	78 (58–90)	68 (45–83)	0.209	68 (58–90)	78 (48–90)
General health^c	60 ± 18	62 ± 19	55 ± 16	0.102	64 ± 20	57 ± 16
Physical health domain^b,d	69 (48–85)	69 (50–85)	68 (46–85)	0.557	73 (60–86)	66 (48–85)
Mental health domain^b,e	47 (35–73)	52 (35–74)	45 (35–67)	0.404	68 (40–79)	45 (35–64)
Overall HRQOL score^c,f	60 ± 21	61 ± 22	57 ± 19	0.447	65 ± 21	56 ± 20

CD, celiac disease; GFD, gluten-free diet HRQOL, health-related quality of life; n, number of participants; SF-36, 36-item short form survey
^aP values < 0.050 are considered statically significant
^bVariables demonstrating skewed distributions are presented as median (interquartile range)
^cNormally distributed variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation
^dThe average of physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health problems, pain, and general health
^eThe average of role limitations due to emotional problems, energy/fatigue, emotional well-being, and social functioning
^fThe average of physical health domain and mental health domain