Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with acute variceal bleeding (n = 546)

Age, year

58.0 (51.0–68.0)

58.0 (51.5–68.0)

58.0 (51.0–67.0)

Male sex

459 (84.1%)

326 (83.0%)

133 (86.9%)

Bleeding source

 Esophageal varices

425 (77.8%)

310 (78.9%)

115 (75.2%)

 Gastric varices

121 (22.2%)

83 (21.1%)

38 (24.8%)

Active bleeding at endoscopy

232 (42.5%)

161 (41.0%)

71 (46.4%)

Etiology

 Alcohol

353 (64.7%)

247 (62.8%)

106 (69.3%)

 HBV

108 (19.8%)

83 (21.1%)

25 (16.3%)

 HCV

39 (7.1%)

29 (7.4%)

10 (6.5%)

 Cryptogenic

46 (8.4%)

34 (8.7%)

12 (7.8%)

BMI, kg/m²

22.9 (20.7–25.0)

22.9 (20.8–24.9)

23.1 (20.5–25.3)

Diabetes

184 (33.7%)

128 (32.6%)

56 (36.6%)

HCC

82 (15.0%)

44 (11.2%)

38 (24.8%)

Child–Pugh classification

 A

158 (28.9%)

133 (33.8%)

25 (16.3%)

 B

265 (48.5%)

198 (50.4%)

67 (43.8%)

 C

123 (22.5%)

62 (15.8%)

61 (39.9%)

MELD score

12.0 (10.0–18.0)

11.0 (9.0–14.0)

19.0 (14.0–25.0)

Ascites

293 (53.7%)

199 (50.6%)

94 (61.4%)

Encephalopathy

49 (9.0%)

23 (5.9%)

26 (17.0%)

Diuretics

177 (32.5%)

116 (29.6%)

61 (39.9%)

Hemoglobin, g/dL

8.7 (7.5–10.0)

9.0 (7.7–10.2)

8.0 (6.9–9.0)

Platelet, × 10⁹/L

84.5 (59.0–118.3)

84.0 (69.5–113.0)

85.0 (55.0–133.0)

PT-INR

1.43 (1.26–1.69)

1.37 (1.25–1.57)

1.69 (1.42–2.08)

Bilirubin, mg/dL

1.43 (0.89–2.67)

1.30 (0.83–2.30)

1.87 (1.01–4.00)

Albumin, g/dL

2.9 (2.5–3.4)

3.0 (2.6–3.4)

2.7 (2.2–3.0)

sCr at admission, mg/dL

0.79 (0.64–1.00)

0.73 (0.63–0.89)

1.12 (0.84–1.58)

Baseline sCr, mg/dL

0.71 (0.61–0.86)

0.71 (0.60–0.84)

0.75 (0.62–0.92)

Failure to control bleeding

32 (5.9%)

11 (2.8%)

21 (13.7%)

Variceal rebleeding

38 (7.0%)

27 (6.9%)

11 (7.2%)