Table 1 Univariate and multivariate analyses of functional dyspepsia (FD) and no FD
From: Risk factors associated with functional dyspepsia in Chinese children: a cross-sectional study
Characteristics | No FD (n = 6767) | FD (n = 209) | P valuea | Multivariate analyses | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95%CI | P valueb | ||||
Age | 14.3 ± 2.5 | 15.3 ± 2.1 | < 0.001 | 1.112 | 1.031–1.201 | 0.006 |
BMI | 19.9 ± 3.7 | 20.1 ± 3.4 | 0.054 | |||
Sex | 0.086 | |||||
Male | 3387 (50.1) | 92 (44.0) | ||||
Female | 3380 (49.9) | 117 (56.0) | ||||
History of breastfeeding | 0.825 | |||||
Yes | 5800 (85.7) | 178 (85.2) | ||||
No | 967 (14.3) | 31 (14.8) | ||||
Living independent of parents | < 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 2650 (39.2) | 123 (58.9) | 1.677 | 1.255–2.242 | < 0.001 | |
No | 4117 (60.8) | 86 (41.1) | 1.00 | |||
Long school accommodation | < 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 3166 (46.8) | 149 (71.3) | ||||
No | 3601 (53.2) | 60 (28.7) | ||||
Prolonged school meals | < 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 3715 (54.9) | 166 (79.4) | 2.107 | 1.447–3.068 | < 0.001 | |
No | 3052 (45.1) | 43 (20.6) | 1.00 | |||
Staple foods | < 0.001 | |||||
Mainly noodles | 679 (10.0) | 19 (9.1) | ||||
Mainly rice | 1743 (25.8) | 78 (37.3) | ||||
Rarely eat | 299 (4.4) | 15 (7.2) | ||||
Both | 4046 (59.8) | 97 (46.4) | ||||
Breakfast | < 0.001 | 0.005 | ||||
Never | 262 (3.9) | 23 (11.0) | 2.192 | 1.303–3.688 | 0.003 | |
Occasionally | 1139 (16.8) | 43 (20.6) | 1.014 | 0.671–1.530 | 0.948 | |
Sometimes | 864 (12.8) | 31 (14.8) | 1.065 | 0.679–1.673 | 0.783 | |
Often | 2190 (32.4) | 53 (25.4) | 0.783 | 0.535–1.148 | 0.211 | |
Daily | 2312 (34.2) | 59 (28.2) | 1.00 | |||
Cold foods | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Never | 1038 (15.3) | 26 (12.4) | 1.00 | |||
Occasionally | 3606 (53.3) | 84 (40.2) | 0.866 | 0.549–1.367 | 0.538 | |
Sometimes | 1543 (22.8) | 47 (22.5) | 1.019 | 0.615–1.688 | 0.942 | |
Often | 467 (6.9) | 40 (19.1) | 2.296 | 1.347–3.912 | 0.002 | |
Daily | 113 (1.7) | 12 (5.7) | 2.736 | 1.263–5.927 | 0.011 | |
Spicy foods | < 0.001 | |||||
Never | 1187 (17.5) | 34 (16.3) | ||||
Occasionally | 3244 (47.9) | 86 (41.1) | ||||
Sometimes | 1731 (25.6) | 50 (23.9) | ||||
Often | 502 (7.4) | 32 (15.3) | ||||
Daily | 103 (1.5) | 7 (3.3) | ||||
Milk products | 0.250 | |||||
Never | 390 (5.8) | 17 (8.1) | ||||
Occasionally | 1243 (18.4) | 30 (14.4) | ||||
Sometimes | 1733 (25.6) | 53 (25.4) | ||||
Often | 1913 (28.3) | 55 (26.3) | ||||
Daily | 1488 (22.0) | 54 (25.8) | ||||
Carbonate beverages | 0.753 | |||||
Never | 1761 (26.0) | 53 (25.4) | ||||
Occasionally | 2815 (41.6) | 83 (39.7) | ||||
Sometimes | 1339 (19.8) | 40 (19.1) | ||||
Often | 653 (9.6) | 25 (12.0) | ||||
Daily | 199 (2.9) | 8 (3.8) | ||||
High–fiber foods | 0.019 | |||||
Never | 1196 (17.7) | 46 (22.0) | ||||
Occasionally | 2360 (34.9) | 88 (42.1) | ||||
Sometimes | 1835 (27.1) | 40 (19.1) | ||||
Often | 981 (14.5) | 27 (12.9) | ||||
Daily | 395 (5.8) | 8 (3.8) | ||||
Fried foods | < 0.001 | |||||
Never | 1020 (15.1) | 30 (14.4) | ||||
Occasionally | 3120 (46.1) | 65 (31.1) | ||||
Sometimes | 1765 (26.1) | 63 (30.1) | ||||
Often | 688 (10.2) | 38 (18.2) | ||||
Daily | 174 (2.6) | 13 (6.2) | ||||
Pickled foods (n, %) | < 0.001 | 0.010 | ||||
Never | 2382 (35.2) | 63 (30.1) | 1.00 | |||
Occasionally | 2864 (42.3) | 80 (38.3) | 1.032 | 0.731–1.456 | 0.860 | |
Sometimes | 1134 (16.8) | 36 (17.2) | 1.018 | 0.660–1.571 | 0.935 | |
Often | 312 (4.6) | 25 (12.0) | 2.390 | 1.435–3.981 | 0.001 | |
Daily | 75 (1.1) | 5 (2.4) | 1.368 | 0.485–3.859 | 0.553 | |
Dessert (n, %) | 0.013 | |||||
Never | 788 (11.6) | 17 (8.1) | ||||
Occasionally | 2542 (37.6) | 68 (32.5) | ||||
Sometimes | 1918 (28.3) | 57 (27.3) | ||||
Often | 1150 (17.0) | 48 (23.0) | ||||
Daily | 369 (5.5) | 19 (9.1) | ||||
High starchy foods (n, %) | 0.215 | |||||
Never | 432 (6.4) | 20 (9.6) | ||||
Occasionally | 1503 (22.2) | 48 (23.0) | ||||
Sometimes | 2284 (33.8) | 58 (27.8) | ||||
Often | 1791 (26.5) | 60 (28.7) | ||||
Daily | 757 (11.2) | 23 (11.0) | ||||
Fruits (n, %) | 0.068 | |||||
Never | 199 (2.9) | 11 (5.3) | ||||
Occasionally | 1135 (16.8) | 46 (22.0) | ||||
Sometimes | 1726 (25.5) | 52 (24.9) | ||||
Often | 2011 (29.7) | 55 (26.3) | ||||
Daily | 1696 (25.1) | 45 (21.5) | ||||
Vegetables (n, %) | 0.090 | |||||
Never | 230 (3.4%) | 11 (5.3) | ||||
Occasionally | 931 (13.8%) | 38 (18.2) | ||||
Sometimes | 1519 (22.4) | 50 (23.9) | ||||
Often | 1952 (28.8) | 58 (27.8) | ||||
Daily | 2135 (31.6) | 52 (24.9) | ||||