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Table 2 Adjusted cross-sectional differences in standardized cognitive scores associated with NAFLD, other CT fat measures, and classic CVD risk factors at year 25 among CARDIA participants

From: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cognitive function in middle-aged adults: the CARDIA study

Variable

Model 1

Model 2

DSST

RAVLT

Stroop test

Composite score

DSST

RAVLT

Stroop

Composite score

CT fat measures

        

LA, 1 SD lower (12 HU)

 − .03 (.02)

 − .01 (.02)

 − .04 (.02)*

 − .03 (.01)*

 − .01 (.02)

.01 (.02)

 − .01 (.02)

.00 (.01)

TAAT, 1 SD higher (217 cm3)

 − .04 (.02)*

.01 (.02)

 − .03 (.02)

 − .02 (.01)

 − .03 (.02)

.03 (.03)

.02 (.03)

.01 (.02)

SAT, 1 SD higher (170 cm3)

 − .03 (.02)

.02 (.02)

 − .03 (.02)

 − .01 (.01)

 − .03 (.03)

.04 (.03)

.00 (.03)

.00 (.02)

VAT, 1 SD higher (73 cm3)

 − .04 (.02)*

 − .01 (.02)

 − .03 (.02)

 − .02 (.01)

.00 (.02)

.01 (.02)

.03 (.02)

.01 (.02)

CVD risk factors

        

CVD history

 − .09 (.05)

 − .14 (.05)**

 − .09 (.05)

 − .10 (.03)**

 − .07 (.05)

 − .12 (.05)*

 − .07 (.05)

 − .08 (.03)*

Hypertension

 − .12 (.04)**

 − .14 (.04)**

 − .16 (.04)**

 − .14 (.03)**

 − .08 (.04)*

 − .12 (.04)**

 − .12 (.04)**

 − .10 (.03)**

Current smoking

 − .36 (.05)**

 − .24 (.05)**

 − .16 (.05)**

 − .25 (.03)**

 − .35 (.05)**

 − .23 (.05)**

 − .16 (.05)**

 − .24 (.03)**

Diabetes Mellitus

 − .12 (.05)*

 − .05 (.05)

 − .14 (.05)**

 − .10 (.03)**

 − .07 (.05)

.02 (.05)

 − .05 (.05)

 − .04 (.04)

Hypercholesterolemia

 − .02 (.04)

 − .12 (.04)**

 − .08 (.04)*

 − .08 (.03)**

.03 (.04)

 − .10 (.04)*

 − .04 (.04)

 − .04 (.03)

Hypertriglyceridemia

 − .13 (.04)**

 − .04 (.04)

 − .12 (.04)**

 − .09 (.03)**

 − .09 (.04)*

.00 (.04)

 − .07 (.05)

 − .05 (.03)

Obesity

 − .05 (.03)

.01 (.04)

 − .06 (.04)

 − .03 (.02)

 − .03 (.04)

.03 (.04)

 − .04 (.04)

 − .01 (.03)

NAFLD categoriesa

        

None (LA ≥ 51 HU)

0 (ref.)

0 (ref.)

0 (ref.)

0 (ref.)

0 (ref.)

0 (ref.)

0 (ref.)

0 (ref.)

Mild (40 < LA < 51 HU)

 − .05 (.05)

.02 (.05)

 − .11 (.05)*

 − .05 (.03)

.01 (.05)

.04 (.05)

 − .05 (.05)

.00 (.04)

Severe (LA ≤ 40 HU)

 − .04 (.05)

 − .05 (.06)

 − .06 (.06)

 − .06 (.04)

.06 (.06)

.00 (.06)

.03 (.07)

.02 (.04)

  1. Values represent β (SE); negative coefficients indicate inferior cognitive performance
  2. Model 1: Adjusted for study center, age, race, sex, and education
  3. Model 2: Further adjusted for CVD risk factors (CVD history, hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and obesity)
  4. CVD, cardiovascular disease; DSST, digit symbol substitution test; LA, liver attenuation; NAFLD, metabolic associated fatty liver disease; RAVLT, Rey auditory verbal learning test; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; SD, standard deviation; TAAT, total abdomen adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue. DSST: n = 2793; RAVLT: n = 2786; Stroop: n = 2773; composite score: n = 2755
  5. *P ≤ .05; **P ≤ .01
  6. aModeled separately from liver attenuation as an alternative definition for NAFLD
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BMC Gastroenterology

ISSN: 1471-230X

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