Table 1 Baseline characteristics, overall and by NAFLD category, among year 25 CARDIA participants
From: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cognitive function in middle-aged adults: the CARDIA study
Variable | Overall (n = 2809) | Liver attenuation | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No NAFLD | Mild NAFLD | Severe NAFLD | |||
 > 51 HU (n = 2136) |  > 40–51 HU (n = 392) |  ≤ 40 HU (n = 281) | |||
Liver attenuation, HU, median (IQR) | 57.7 (51.5–62.3) | 59.9 (56.3–64.0) | 47.3 (44.3–49.4) | 31.3 (23.6–36.8) |  < .001a |
Socio-demographics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age, year, mean ± SD | 50.1 ± 3.6 | 50.0 ± 3.7 | 50.3 ± 3.6 | 50.5 ± 3.6 | .034 |
Male, n (%) | 1198 (43) | 823 (39) | 219 (56) | 156 (56) |  < .001 |
Black, n (%) | 1344 (48) | 1038 (49) | 190 (49) | 116 (41) | .067 |
Education, year, mean ± SD | 15.1 ± 2.7 | 15.1 ± 2.7 | 14.8 ± 2.6 | 15.0 ± 2.7 | .040 |
CVD risk factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Personal CVD history, n (%) | 402 (14) | 303 (14) | 55 (14) | 44 (16) | .79 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 971 (35) | 632 (30) | 175 (45) | 164 (58) |  < .001 |
Smoking, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | .010 |
Never | 1749 (62) | 1363 (65) | 219 (56) | 167 (60) | Â |
Past | 607 (22) | 435 (21) | 99 (25) | 73 (26) | Â |
Current | 420 (15) | 311 (15) | 71 (18) | 38 (14) | Â |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 391 (14) | 187 (9) | 82 (21) | 122 (43) |  < .001 |
Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 668 (24) | 449 (21) | 122 (31) | 97 (35) |  < .001 |
Hypertriglyceridemia, n (%) | 545 (20) | 282 (13) | 132 (34) | 131 (47) |  < 0.001 |
Obesity, n (%) | 1257 (45) | 746 (35) | 285 (73) | 226 (80) |  < .001 |
CT fat measures | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
TAAT, cm3, mean ± SD | 489 ± 217 | 442 ± 201 | 613 ± 194 | 678 ± 191 |  < .001 |
SAT, cm3, mean ± SD | 340 ± 170 | 314 ± 165 | 413 ± 161 | 430 ± 154 |  < .001 |
VAT, cm3, mean ± SD | 131 ± 73 | 111 ± 59 | 176 ± 69 | 222 ± 83 |  < .001 |
Cognitive test scores | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
DSST, symbols, mean ± SD | 70.0 ± 16.0 | 70.6 ± 16.3 | 67.6 ± 15.6 | 68.9 ± 14.4 | .002 |
RAVLT, words, mean ± SD | 8.3 ± 3.3 | 8.4 ± 3.3 | 7.9 ± 3.1 | 8.0 ± 3.1 | .003 |
Stroop, seconds plus errors, mean ± SD | 22.9 ± 10.8 | 22.7 ± 10.7 | 24.3 ± 11.6 | 22.9 ± 10.2 | .028 |