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Table 3 Comparison of levels of biomarkers between cases and controls

From: Symptoms and biomarkers associated with undiagnosed celiac seropositivity

 

N measurements (n cases/ n controls)

Cases: Celiac disease antibody positive participantsa

Controls

OR (95% CI)b

Number of participants

 

169

676

 
  

Median (5%/95%)

Median (5%/95%)

 

Cholesterol (mmol/L)*

790 (cases:158/controls:632)

5.5 (3.7/8.0)

5.7 (4.1/7.8)

 

 1st quartile

   

1.56 (0.92–2.62)

 2nd quartile

   

1.02 (0.60–1.74)

 3rd quartile

   

0.84 (0.50–1.43)

 4th quartile

   

Ref

  

% (n/N)

% (n/ total N )

 

Cholesterol under 5 mmol/L

 

37.3 (59/158)

28.3 (179/632)

1.60 (1.08–2.37)

  

Median (5%/95%)

Median (5%/95%)

 

Hemoglobin (mmol/L)*

235 (cases:48/controls:187)

8.4 (7.2/9.8)

8.6 (7.6/9.9)

 

 1st quartile

   

1.44 (0.47–4.40)

 2nd quartile

   

0.63 (0.21–1.83)

 3rd quartile

   

0.63 (0.21–1.88)

 4th quartile

   

Ref

  

% (n/ total N )

% (n/N)

 

Low hemoglobinc

 

12.5 (6/48)

4.3 (8/187)

3.82 (1.14–12.79)

  

Median (5%/95%)

Median (5%/95%)

 

Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)*

549 (cases:110/controls:439)

4.8 (4.0/6.0)

4.8 (3.9/6.3)

 

 1st quartile

   

0.84 (0.46–1.54)

 2nd quartile

   

1.00 (0.56–1.79)

 3rd quartile

   

0.68 (0.38–1.23)

 4th quartile

   

Ref

Fasting blood glucose over 7 mmol/L

 

1.8 (2/110)

2.5 (11/439)

0.69 (0.14–3.48)

  

Median (5%/95%)

Median (5%/95%)

 

HbA1c (%)*

474 (cases:95/controls:379)

5.8 (4.9/6.5)

5.8 (5.0/6.5)

 

 1st quartile

   

1.26 (0.61–2.57)

 2nd quartile

   

1.01 (0.53–1.92)

 3rd quartile

   

1.14 (0.62–2.08)

 4th quartile

   

Ref

  

Median (5%/95%)

Median (5%/95%)

 

Ferritin (µg/L)*

455 (cases:92/controls:363)

74.5 (6.0/311.0)

78.0 (8.0/298.0)

 

 1st quartile

   

1.41 (0.65–3.05)

 2nd quartile

   

0.72 (0.36–1.43)

 3rd quartile

   

0.69 (0.35–1.34)

 4th quartile

   

Ref

ALAT (Alanine transaminase)* (U/L)

465 (cases:94/controls:371)

10.8 (6.6/33.0)

10.2(6.6/32.0)

 

 1st quartile

   

0.67 (0.17–2.73)

 2nd quartile

   

0.63 (0.15–2.56)

 3rd quartile

   

1.43 (0.41–4.07)

 4th quartile

   

Ref

ASAT (Aspartate aminotransferase) (U/L)*

35 (cases:7/controls:28)

20.0 (14.0/28.0)

17.5 (13.0/38.0)

 

 1st quartile

   

0.63 (0.08–5.26)

 2nd quartile

   

0.37 (0.04–4.01)

  3rd quartile

   

0.34 (0.03–4.41)

 4th quartile

   

Ref

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)* (U/L)

385 (cases:77/controls:308)

48.0 (28.2/90.0)

44.4 (28.2/72.0)

 

 1st quartile

   

0.69 (0.34–1.40)

 2nd quartile

   

0.63 (0.32–1.25)

 3rd quartile

   

0.60 (0.30–1.20)

 4th quartile

   

Ref

  

% (n/ total N )

% (n/ total N )

 

Elevated liver parameters (ASAT/ALAT/ALP)d

 

1.0 (1/102)

2.2 (9/407)

0.42 (0.05–3.48)

  

Median (5%/95%)

Median (5%/95%)

 

Vitamin D (nmol/L)*

474 (cases:95/controls:379)

50.0 (10.0/107.0)

54.0 (13.0/102.0)

 

 1st quartile

   

1.21 (0.63–2.30)

 2nd quartile

   

1.41 (0.76–2.65)

 3rd quartile

   

1.05 (0.55–2.01)

 4th quartile

   

Ref

Vitamin B12 (pmol/L)*

385 (cases:77/controls:308)

286.3 (159.4/513.6)

295.9 (170.5/492.2)

 

 1st quartile

   

1.22 (0.63–2.38)

 2nd quartile

   

0.81 (0.39–1.69)

 3rd quartile

   

0.64 (0.30–1.36)

 4th quartile

   

Ref

  1. *The quartiles were calculated per each of the eight studies
  2. Statistically significant values are shown in bold
  3. aThe participants were screened for celiac disease antibodies by EliA™ Celikey® tissue transglutaminase (TTG) anti-IgA and anti-IgG assays and deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP) anti-IgG assays. Celiac disease antibody positive were defined as IgG-DGP ≥ 10.0 U/mL and/or IgA-TTG/IgG-TTG ≥ 7.0 U/mL. 5 of the 16,776 participants had a diagnosis of celiac disease in the national patient register, they were all celiac disease antibody negative and were excluded before matching. Cases were matched without replacement on age (5 years range), sex and study to 4 controls
  4. bConditional logistic regression for comparison of cases with controls giving odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs)
  5. cLow hemoglobin was defined as hemoglobin under 7.3 mmol/L for women and under 8.3 mmol/L for men
  6. dElevated liver parameters was defined as ALAT over 70 U/L for men and over 45 U/L for women, ASAT over 45 U/L for men and over 35 U/L for women, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) over 105 U/L, 376 participants both had measurements for ALAT and ALP