Table 1 Factors that theoretically could influence SARS-CoV-2 infection in celiac disease

HLA status

There is no data suggesting that there is an altered immune response against SARS-CoV-2 virus

Immunological environment and hyposplenism

There is no evidence that ILs status or their genetic variants in CeD could have any influence. Similarly, hyposplenism may not be considered as a risk factor in this case

Mucosal atrophy

In case of treated and responsive CeD the mucosal state does not seem to have a role

Malabsorption and/or micronutrients deficiencies

Vitamins deficit may lead to increased susceptibility to infections. Although there is no evidence concerning COVID-19, verify the nutritional state and ensure that their alimentary intake is reasonable

Presence of a refractory celiac disease

The presence of this state may significantly worsen the COVID-19 outcome, inflammatory damage and malabsorption being usually present in a severe form