A hypocaloric high-protein diet supplemented with β-cryptoxanthin improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial

Haidari, Fatemeh; Hojhabrimanesh, Abdollah; Helli, Bizhan; Seyedian, Seyed-Saeed; Ahmadi-Angali, Kambiz; Abiri, Behnaz

doi:10.1186/s12876-020-01502-w

Table 3 Data on anthropometrics, dietary intakes, physical activity, and serum β-cryptoxanthin at baseline and study endpoint (N = 92)^a,b,c

From: A hypocaloric high-protein diet supplemented with β-cryptoxanthin improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial

	HP-diet and β-cryptoxanthin	HP-diet	β-Cryptoxanthin	Control	p value^d
Weight (kg)
Baseline	94.3 [87.3; 101.4]	94.2 [89.2; 99.3]	93.8 [87.8; 99.7]	95.5 [88.1; 102.8]	0.983
Week 12	88.0 [81.1; 95.0]	87.8 [82.7; 92.9]	90.1 [84.3; 95.8]	91.9 [84.3; 99.6]	0.756
p value^e	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m²)
Baseline	32.8 [31.2; 34.3]	33.9 [32.3; 35.5]	33.2 [31.7; 34.6]	33.1 [31.7; 34.8]	0.758
Week 12	30.5 [29.0; 32.1]	31.6 [30.0; 33.1]	31.9 [30.5; 33.2]	31.8 [30.0; 33.6]	0.576
p value^e	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
WC (cm)
Baseline	104.5 [99.1; 109.9]	104.7 [101.0; 108.5]	103.6 [100.1; 107.1]	104.4 [99.2; 109.5]	0.987
Week 12	97.8 [92.4; 103.1]	97.8 [94.0; 101.6]	99.3 [96.0; 102.5]	100.2 [94.7; 105.8]	0.816
p value^e	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Energy (Mcal/day)
Baseline	2.9 [2.6; 3.1]	2.8 [2.6; 3.0]	2.8 [2.6; 3.0]	2.9 [2.6; 3.1]	0.970
Week 12	2.4 [2.1; 2.6]	2.3 [2.2; 2.5]	2.3 [2.1; 2.5]	2.4 [2.1; 2.6]	0.973
p value^e	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Carbohydrate (% of energy)
Baseline	50.6 [48.0; 53.2]	48.9 [46.6; 51.2]	49.3 [46.8; 51.8]	50.0 [47.5; 52.5]	0.753
Week 12	45.6 [44.9; 46.3]	45.3 [44.4; 46.2]	54.2 [53.5; 55.0]	55.3 [54.5; 56.0]	< 0.001
p value^e	0.001	0.008	< 0.001	< 0.001
Fat (% of energy)
Baseline	35.4 [33.5; 37.4]	38.2 [36.1; 40.3]	36.9 [34.4; 39.3]	37.0 [34.5; 39.4]	0.414
Week 12	30.0 [29.5; 30.5]	30.0 [29.4; 30.5]	30.6 [30.1; 31.2]	29.2 [28.7; 29.7]	0.001
p value^e	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Protein (% of energy)
Baseline	14.0 [12.4; 15.5]	12.9 [11.3; 14.5]	13.8 [12.1; 15.5]	13.0 [11.3; 14.7]	0.680
Week 12	24.4 [23.7; 25.1]	24.7 [23.8; 25.6]	15.1 [14.2; 16.0]	15.5 [14.7; 16.3]	< 0.001
p value^e	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.068	0.016
β-Cryptoxanthin (mg/day)
Baseline	0.26 [0.23; 0.29]	0.25 [0.23; 0.27]	0.25 [0.23; 0.27]	0.26 [0.23; 0.29]	0.965
Week 12	0.21 [0.18; 0.23]	0.20 [0.18; 0.22]	0.20 [0.18; 0.22]	0.21 [0.18; 0.23]	0.993
p value^e	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Physical activity (MET-min/week)
Baseline	572.3 [509.2; 635.4]	560.9 [499.6; 622.2]	544.7 [482.6; 606.8]	561.2 [492.8; 629.5]	0.945
Week 12	572.5 [509.9; 635.2]	560.2 [499.0; 621.4]	546.0 [483.9; 608.0]	563.9 [494.2; 633.6]	0.951
p value^e	0.689	0.687	0.502	0.382
Serum β-cryptoxanthin (μg/mL)
Baseline	0.16 [0.14; 0.18]	0.16 [0.14; 0.18]	0.15 [0.13; 0.17]	0.16 [0.14; 0.18]	0.943
Week 12	0.28 [0.25; 0.30]	0.16 [0.14; 0.18]	0.26 [0.23; 0.29]	0.16 [0.14; 0.18]	< 0.001
p value^e	< 0.001	0.848	< 0.001	0.773

BMI body mass index, HP high-protein, MET metabolic equivalent, WC waist circumference
^aIn ach group n = 23
^bData are presented as mean [95% confidence intervals]
^cDietary intakes are determined by averaging the data from 3-days dietary records completed throughout the study
^dObtained by the one-way analysis of variance
^eObtained by the paired sample T-test

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