Fig. 1

Patient enrollment flowchart. Medications considered to affect small-bowel water content were sodium chenodeoxycholate, magnesium oxide, bile acid sequestrants, elobixibat, lubiprostone, and linaclotide. Medications considered to affect small-bowel motility were opioids and dopamine antagonists. Systemic diseases that cause bowel-habit abnormalities leading to study exclusion were Parkinson disease, thyroid function abnormalities, chronic pancreatitis, and diabetic neuropathy