Year | Sex/Age | Diagnosis | No. of stents Diameter/length (manufacturer) Stent type | Perforation-related symptoms and signs | Diagnostic method | Therapeutic method | Postoperative hospitalization (days) | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1993 [16] | F/55 | Advanced GB cancer | 1 10 Fr/15 cm biliary PS (Unmentioned) straight | Fever and chills | CT | Endoscopic removal | Death | Death from advanced GB cancer |
2000 [17] | M/74 | HCCA | 1 10 Fr/15 cm biliary PS (Unmentioned) straight | Serve abdominal pain and vomiting | Endoscope | Endoscopic removal of PS and seal perforation by hemoclip | 10 | Improved |
2006 [18] | M/55 | Advanced HCCA with metastasis | 1 Biliary PS (Unmentioned) straight | Abdominal distention and epigastric tenderness | ERCP | Endoscopic removal of PS | Death | Death from Intraoperative subcutaneous emphysema |
2006 [19] | M/74 | Periampullary carcinoma | 1 7 Fr/10 cm biliary PS (Amsterdam) straight | Mild upper abdominal pain, vomiting and fever | Laparotomy | Laparotomy | Unmentioned | Recovery |
2008 [20] | M/75 | HCCA | 2 Biliary PS (Unmentioned) straight | Unknown | Endoscope | Laparotomy | Unmentioned | Recovery |
2008 [21] | F/52 | HCCA | 1 8.5 Fr/10 cm biliary PS (Unmentioned) straight | Fever and severe abdominal pain | Laparotomy | Laparotomy | Unmentioned | Recovery |
2008 [22] | M/67 | Periampullary carcinoma | 1 10 Fr ST-2 biliary stent (Cook) straight | Rigid abdomen | CT | Laparotomy | Death | Death from postoperative complications |
2012 [23] | M/55 | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | 2 Biliary PS and pancreatic stent (Unmentioned) straight | No symptoms | CT | Endoscopic removal | Unmentioned | Improved |
2012 [24] | F/27 | Benign Hilar biliary stricture | 1 7 Fr/12 cm biliary PS (Unmentioned) straight | Upper abdominal pain | CT | Laparotomy | 3 | Recovery |
2013 [25] | M/51 | CBD stone | 1 10 Fr/10 cm biliary PS (Unmentioned) straight | Deeply jaundiced and distended abdomen with diffuse tenderness and rigidity | CT | Laparotomy | 12 | Recovery |
2014 [26] | M/67 | Hilar biliary stricture after liver transplantation | 1 8.5 Fr/10 cm biliary PS (Cotton-Leung; Wilson-COOK) straight | Fever | CT | Laparotomy | Unmentioned | Death from postoperative sepsis |
2015 [27] | M/48 | Hilar biliary stricture after liver transplantation | 1 biliary PS (Unmentioned) straight | Abdominal pain and fever | CT | Endoscopic removal and seal perforation by over-the-scope clip | Unmentioned | Improved |
2018 [28] | F/79 | CBD stones and stricture | 2 7 Fr/12 cm biliary PS; 10 Fr/15 cm biliary PS (Boston Scientific) straight | Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain | CT | Endoscopic removal by using Raptor™ grasping device and seal perforation by TTS endoclips | 4 | Recovery |
2018 [29] | M/87 | Acute cholangitis and CBD stones | 1 10 Fr/15 cm biliary PS (Endo-FlexGmbH) straight | Diffuse abdominal pain of growing intensity | CT | Laparotomy | Unmentioned | Recovery |
2019 [30] | M/71 | Cholangiocarcinoma | 1 8.5 Fr/12 cm biliary PS (Unmentioned) straight | Fever and abdominal pain | CT | Endoscopic removal and closure of perforation by over-the-scope clip. One 7 Fr/9 cm PS was positioned. | Unmentioned | Improved |
2019 [31] | M/55 | Post-cholecystec-tomy Biliary leak | 1 10 Fr/10 cm biliary PS (CLSO, Cook) straight | Distended abdomen and diffuse abdominal tenderness | CT | Endoscopic removal of PS by using snare and closure of perforation by Hemoclips | Unmentioned | Unmentioned |
2019 [31] | M/78 | GB cancer | 2 7 Fr/10 cm, 12 cm biliary PS (CLSO, Cook) straight | High fever and abdominal pain | CT | Endoscopic removal of stents by using rat-tooth forceps and closure of perforation by Hemoclips | Unmentioned | Improved |
2019 [31] | M/72 | Klaskin tumor, Bismuth type IIIa | 1 10 Fr/12 cm biliary PS (Double Layer,Olympus) straight | Abdomen pain with tenderness | CT | Endoscopic removal of PS by using snare and closure of perforation by hemoclips and fibrin glue | Unmentioned | Improved |
2019 [31] | F/84 | Klaskin tumor, Bismuth type IIIa | 1 10 Fr/12 cm biliary PS (CLSO, Cook) straight | Constant mild abdominal pain | CT | Endoscopic removal of PS by using snare and closure of perforation by hemoclips | Unmentioned | Improved |
2019 [31] | F/73 | GB cancer | 1 10 Fr/15 cm biliary PS (CLSO, Cook) straight | Recurrent jaundice and abdominal pain | CT | Endoscopic removal of PS by using forceps forceps. Perforation was closed by Hemoclips. PTCD was performed | Unmentioned | Improved |