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Table 1 Basic clinical characteristics of patients with HBV- ACLF

From: Artificial neural network-based models used for predicting 28- and 90-day mortality of patients with hepatitis B-associated acute-on-chronic liver failure

Patient’s Characteristics

All patients (n = 684)

Training cohort (n = 423)

Validation cohorts (n = 261)

P value

Age (yr)

43.9 ± 11.6

43.8 ± 11.4

43.9 ± 11.6

0.440

Male %

582 (85.1)

349 (82.5)

233 (89.3)

0.016

Complications

 Hyponatremia (n/%)

242 (35.4)

175 (41.4)

67 (25.7)

< 0.001

 Astices (n/%)

405 (59.2)

279 (66.0)

126 (48.3)

0.010

 Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (n/%)

82 (12.0)

32 (7.5)

50 (19.2)

< 0.001

 HE (n/%)

122 (17.8)

98 (23.2)

24 (9.2)

 

 HE grade I-II (n/%)

92 (13.5)

76 (18.0)

16 6.1)

< 0.001

 HE grade III-IV (n/%)

25 (3.7)

22 (5.2)

3 (1.1)

0.006

 Hepatorenal syndrome (n/%)

41 (6.0)

38 (8.9)

3 (1.1)

< 0.001

Organ failures

 Liver (n/%)

559 (87.6)

326 (77.1)

233 (89.3)

< 0.001

 Kidney (n/%)

23 (3.4)

19 (4.5)

4 (1.5)

0.037

 Brain (n/%)

26 (3.8)

22 (5.2)

4 (1.5)

0.015

 Coagulation (n/%)

158 (23.1)

100 (23.6)

58 (22.2)

0.669

 Circulatory (n/%)

2 (0.2)

2 (0.5)

0 (0)

0.266

 Respiratory (n/%)

1 (0.1)

1 (0.2)

0 (0)

0.432

Treatment with NUCs

597 (87.3%)

377 (89.1%)

220 (84.3%)

0.065

 Lamivudine alone (n/%)

245 (35.8%)

112 (26.5%)

133 (60.0%)

< 0.001

 Entecavir alone (n/%)

217 (31.7%)

209 (49.4%)

8 (3.1%)

< 0.001

 Adefovir alone (n/%)

79 (11.5%)

17 (4.0%)

62 (23.8%)

< 0.001

 Telbivudine alone (n/%)

36 (5.2%)

3 (0.7%)

3 (1.1%)

0.549

 Tenofovir alone (n/%)

0 (0.%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

–

  ≥ 2 types of NUCs (n/%)

50 (7.3%)

36 (8.5%)

14 (5.4%)

0.125

Laboratory data

 ALT (U·L−1)

347.9 (137.1, 829)

443.2 (193.7, 939.0)

245.0 (91.0, 582.8)

< 0.001

 AST (U·L−1)

298.1 (139.5, 611.9)

360.1 (176.3, 746.1)

197.0 (102.0, 401.0)

< 0.001

 TBIL (μmo·L−1)

323.5 ± 148.4

318.3 ± 149.3

331.9 ± 146.7

0.196

 Albumin (g·L− 1)

31.0 ± 4.9

31.2 ± 4.8

30.6 ± 4.9

0.982

 GGT (U·L− 1)

84 (52.0, 136.0)

83.9 (52.3, 135.3)

85.0 (51.0, 136.0)

0.905

ALP (U·L−1)

138.5 (109.9172.8)

129.6 (105.1, 165.8)

156.4 ± 48.2

< 0.001

 Cholinesterase (U·L−1)

3080.7 ± 1659.9

3313.5 ± 1468.1

2510.0 (1426.0,3687)

< 0.001

 PTA (%)

30.1 ± 9.6

28.6 ± 10.2

32.6 ± 8.0

< 0.001

 INR

2.3 ± 0.8

2.0 (1.8,2.5)

2.1 (1.8,2.5)

0.107

 White blood cell (× 109·L−1)

6.6 (4.9, 8.9)

7.0 (5.2, 9.5)

6.4 (4.6, 8.1)

0.044

 Neutrophil count (× 109·L−1)

4.5 (3.2, 6.9)

4.7 (3.4, 7.4)

3.8 (2.6, 5.7)

0.193

 Lymphocyte count (×109·L−1)

1.3 (0.9, 1.8)

1.3 (0.9, 1.8)

–

–

 NLR

3.7 (2.4, 6.1)

3.7 (2.4, 6.1)

–

–

 Platelet count (×109·L−1)

107.8 ± 52.4

114.4 ± 53.5

97.1 ± 48.6

0.500

 Serum potassium (mmol·L− 1)

4.0 ± 0.6

4.0 ± 0.6

4.0 ± 0.5

0.051

 Serum sodium (mmol·L− 1)

135.4 ± 4.8

135.4 ± 4.7

136.0 (133.0,138.0)

0.961

 Serum creatinine (mg·dL− 1)

69.2 (58.0, 83.9)

66.8 (57.4, 82.1)

72.0 (61.0, 84.8)

0.061

 HBeAg positive rate (n/%)

370 (54.1)

265 (62.6)

105 (40.2)

< 0.001

 HBV-DNA level (Log10 copies·mL−1)

5.8 ± 1.5

5.8 ± 1.5

5.7 ± 1.7

0.601

Mortality

 28- day (n/%)

175 (25.6)

132 (31.2)

43 (16.5)

< 0.001

 90- day (n/%)

251 (36.7)

173 (40.9)

78 (29.9)

0.004

Scoring systems

 CTP

11 (10, 12)

11 (10, 12)

10 (9, 11)

< 0.001

 CLIF-ACLF

38.6 ± 8.1

39.3 ± 18.8

37.6 ± 6.7

< 0.001

 MELD

22.9 (20.0, 26.5)

22.6 (19.5, 26.5)

23.3 (20.8, 27.0)

0.065

 MELD-Na

22.3 (18.1, 28.0)

23.0 (18.9, 28.6)

21.1 (17.0, 27.6)

0.005

  1. Data were presented as n (%), mean ± standard deviation, or median (interquartile range) as appropriate. ACLF acute-on chronic liver failure, HBV hepatitis B virus, NUCs nucleotide analogs, HE hepatic encephalopathy, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, TBIL total bilirubin, GGT gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, ALP alkaline phosphatase, PTA prothrombin activity, INR international normalized ratio, NLR neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, HBeAg hepatitis B e antigen, CTP Child-Turcotte-Pugh, CLIF-ACLF Chronic Liver Failure-ACLF, MELD model of end-stage liver disease, MELD-Na MELD integrating sodium