Table 4 Summary of the included studies reported risk factors in the meta-analysis

Kumar S [31]

1990

-

-

Abstinence < 6months

-

Osorio RW [37]

1994

Male

Unmarried

Unemployed

Substance use

Abstinence < 6months

Rehabilitation

Psychiatric disease

Gerhardt TC [38]

1996

-

-

Abstinence < 6months

-

Tringali RA [39]

1996

-

-

Abstinence < 6months

-

Foster PF [24]

1997

Family history of alcohol use

Substance use

Abstinence < 6months

Rehabilitation

-

Lucey MR [45]

1997

Male

-

Abstinence < 6months

-

Shakil AO [47]

1997

Male

-

-

-

Tang H [52]

1998

Male

-

-

-

Conjeevaram HS [53]

1999

Male

-

-

-

Newton SE [55]

1999

-

Substance use

-

-

Pageaux GP [18]

1999

Male

Unmarried

Unemployed

-

Abstinence < 6months

-

Burra P [59]

2000

Unmarried

Family history of alcohol use

Substance use

Alcohol dependence

Rehabilitation

-

Jain A [61]

2000

-

-

Abstinence < 6months

Rehabilitation

-

Mackie J [15]

2001

Male

Unmarried

Lack of social support

Low SES

Family history of alcohol use

Smoking

Abstinence < 6months

-

Jauhar S [14]

2004

Male

Unmarried

Unemployed

Substance use

Abstinence < 6months

Rehabilitation

Psychiatric disease

Björnsson E [20]

2005

-

-

Rehabilitation

-

Cuadrado A [10]

2005

Male

-

-

Hwang S [71]

2006

-

-

Abstinence < 6months

-

Kelly M [72]

2006

Unmarried

Lack of social support

Unemployed

Substance use

Abstinence < 6months

Psychiatric disease

Depression

De Gottardi A [29]

2007

Age < 50 years

Male

Unmarried

Low SES

Unemployed

High HRAR

Abstinence < 6months

Psychiatric disease

Nickels M [75]

2007

Age < 50 years

Male

Alcohol dependence

-

Depression

Pfitzmann R [8]

2007

Age < 50 years

Male

Unmarried

-

Abstinence < 6months

-

Karim Z [81]

2010

Age < 50 years

Male

Unmarried

Low SES

Unemployed

Smoking

Substance use

Abstinence < 6months

Rehabilitation

Psychiatric disease

Hartl J [82]

2011

-

Smoking

Abstinence < 6months

Rehabilitation

-

Addolorato G [85]

2013

-

-

Rehabilitation

-

Deruytter E [86]

2013

Age < 50 years

Male

Unmarried

Unemployed

Family history of alcohol use

Smoking

Alcohol dependence

-

Psychiatric disease

Kawaguchi Y [87]

2013

Male

High HRAR

-

-

Park YH [19]

2013

Male

-

Abstinence < 6months

-

Rice JP [88]

2013

Male

-

-

-

Rodrigue JR [89]

2013

Lack of social support

Smoking

Abstinence < 6months

Rehabilitation

-

Egawa H [16]

2014

Male

Unmarried

Lack of social support

Unemployed

Smoking

High HRAR

Abstinence < 6months

Psychiatric disease

Zhou M [28]

2015

-

High HRAR

-

-

Askgaard G [95]

2016

Male

Unmarried

Unemployed

Family history of alcohol use

Smoking

Alcohol dependence

Abstinence < 6 months

Depression

Im GY [97]

2016

Male

Unmarried

Family history of alcohol use

Smoking

-

Psychiatric disease

Lee BP [99]

2017

Male

-

-

-

Onishi Y [100]

2017

Age < 50 years

Male

-

-

-

Wigg AJ [101]

2017

Male

Unmarried

Lack of social support

Unemployed

Family history of alcohol use

Smoking

Substance use

Rehabilitation

Psychiatric disease