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Table 3 Multinomial logistic regression models used to investigate the association between fatty liver type and potential risk factors

From: Prevalence of and risk factors for fatty liver in the general population of Northern Italy: the Bagnacavallo Study

 

M1

M2

M3

M4

M5

M6

Normal liver vs. NAFLD

 Altered liver enzymes

0.20*** [0.15,0.26]

0.19*** [0.14,0.25]

0.25*** [0.18,0.34]

0.24*** [0.17,0.33]

0.23*** [0.17,0.31]

0.26*** [0.19,0.35]

 Male sex

–

0.61*** [0.49,0.75]

0.65*** [0.51,0.82]

0.58*** [0.46,0.73]

0.64*** [0.51,0.81]

0.49*** [0.37,0.64]

 Age (years) / 10

–

0.53*** [0.46,0.60]

0.60*** [0.52,0.69]

0.61*** [0.53,0.70]

0.61*** [0.53,0.70]

0.65*** [0.56,0.75]

 BMI (kg/m2) / 5

–

–

0.26*** [0.22,0.30]

–

–

–

 WC (cm) / 10

–

–

–

0.39*** [0.34,0.43]

–

–

 Metabolic syndrome

–

–

–

–

0.20*** [0.16,0.26]

–

 High waist circumference

–

–

–

–

–

0.29*** [0.21,0.39]

 High triglycerides

–

–

–

–

–

0.38*** [0.29,0.50]

 Low HDL

–

–

–

–

–

0.54*** [0.39,0.76]

 High blood pressure

–

–

–

–

–

0.56*** [0.43,0.72]

 High fasting glucose

–

–

–

–

–

0.52*** [0.39,0.69]

 n

1830

1830

1830

1830

1830

1830

 ROC-AUC

0.61

0.72

0.83

0.82

0.78

0.81

AFLD vs. NAFLD

 Altered liver enzymes

1.09 [0.81,1.48]

0.89 [0.65,1.21]

0.87 [0.64,1.20]

0.91 [0.66,1.24]

0.87 [0.63,1.19]

0.87 [0.63,1.20]

 Male sex

–

1.95*** [1.44,2.63]

1.96*** [1.44,2.65]

1.89*** [1.39,2.56]

1.95*** [1.44,2.64]

1.52* [1.09,2.13]

 Age (years) / 10

–

0.82* [0.70,0.97]

0.83* [0.70,0.97]

0.84* [0.71,0.99]

0.82* [0.69,0.97]

0.80* [0.67,0.96]

 BMI (kg/m2) / 5

–

–

1.01 [0.87,1.17]

–

–

–

 WC (cm) / 10

–

–

–

0.92 [0.81,1.03]

–

–

 Metabolic syndrome

–

–

–

–

1.05 [0.79,1.39]

–

 High waist circumference

–

–

–

–

–

0.68* [0.47,0.97]

 High triglycerides

–

–

–

–

–

1.58** [1.17,2.13]

 Low HDL

–

–

–

–

–

0.64* [0.44,0.93]

 High blood pressure

–

–

–

–

–

1.10 [0.78,1.56]

 High fasting glucose

–

–

–

–

–

1.12 [0.82,1.53]

 n

896

896

896

896

896

896

 ROC-AUC

0.51

0.60

0.60

0.61

0.61

0.63

Whole model

 N

2159

2159

2159

2159

2159

2159

 AIC

3932

3754

3290

3402

3537

3419

 BIC

3955

3800

3347

3459

3594

3521

 Pseudo-R2 (Nagelkerke)

0.10

0.19

0.38

0.34

0.28

0.34

  1. Values are odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (multinomial logistic regression). ROC-AUC were calculated for the two binary logistic models underlying the multinomial logistic model
  2. Abbreviations: M# model number, NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference, HDL high-density lipoprotein, AFLD alcoholic fatty liver disease, AIC Akaike information criterion, BIC Bayesian information criterion, ROC-AUC area under the ROC curve, pseudo-R2 pseudo-squared R
  3. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001