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Table 4 Predictors of development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with NAFLD

From: Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common liver-related complication in patients with histopathologically-confirmed NAFLD in Japan

Factor

Category

Univariate

(95% CI)

P value*

Multivariate

(95% CI)

P value*

Hazard ratio

Hazard ratio

Demographic data

 Gender

Male

1

  

1

  

Female

5.59

(2.07–15.1)

0.001

5.83

(1.47–23.1)

0.012

 Age

< 70 y

1

     

≥70 y

0.05

(0.00–5618)

0.606

   

 Body mass index

< 25.0 kg/m2

1

     

≥25.0 kg/m2

1.41

(0.56–3.57)

0.472

   

 Hypertension

Absence

1

     

Presence

1.53

(0.62–3.77)

0.357

   

 Hyperlipidemia

Absence

1

     

Presence

1.20

(0.43–3.56)

0.732

   

Histological findings

 Steatosis

5–33%

1

  

1

  

> 33%

3.30

(1.09–10.0)

0.035

9.52

(1.57–57.6)

0.014

 Lobular inflammation

< 2 foci per 200× field

1

     

≥2 foci per 200× field

1.70

(0.63–4.57)

0.296

   

 Ballooning

None / Few cells

1

     

Many cells

0.57

(0.13–2.49)

0.452

   

 Stage

0–3

1

     

4

1.47

(0.20–11.0)

0.711

   

 NAFLD activity score

< 5

1

     

≥5

1.30

(0.51–3.26)

0.583

   

 Diagnosis according to FLIP algorithm

non-NASH

1

     

NASH

1.42

(0.41–4.90)

0.579

   

Laboratory data

 Serum aspartate aminotransferase

< 2 × ULN IU/l

1

     

≥2 × ULN IU/l

1.19

(0.45–3.13)

0.730

   

 Serum alanine aminotransferase

< 2 × ULN IU/l

1

     

≥2 × ULN IU/l

1.47

(0.59–3.64)

0.408

   

 Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase

< 110 IU/l

1

     

≥110 IU/l

0.28

(0.08–0.96)

0.043

   

 Platelet count

< 200 × 103/mm3

1

     

≥200 × 103/mm3

1.94

(0.64–5.87)

0.239

   

 Fasting plasma glucose

< 110 mg/dl

1

     

≥110 mg/dl

1.31

(0.37–4.62)

0.672

   

 HbA1c

< 5.8%

1

     

≥5.8%

2.33

(0.32–16.9)

0.404

   

 Uric acid

< 7.1 mg/dl

1

     

≥7.1 mg/dl

1.28

(0.49–3.38)

0.615

   

 Total cholesterol

< 200 mg/dl

1

     

≥200 mg/dl

2.43

(0.80–7.34)

0.116

   

 Triglycerides

< 150 mg/dl

1

     

≥150 mg/dl

0.78

(0.31–1.97)

0.594

   

 High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

< 41 mg/dl

1

     

≥41 mg/dl

0.49

(0.20–1.20)

0.117

   

 Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

< 136 mg/dl

1

     

≥136 mg/dl

3.20

(1.06–9.69)

0.040

   

 Serum ferritin

< 81 μg/l

1

  

1

  

≥81 μg/l

0.26

(0.10–0.70)

0.008

0.18

(0.06–0.56)

0.003

 High sensitive C-reactive protein

< 0.2 mg/dl

1

     

≥0.2 mg/dl

1.84

(0.57–5.97)

0.312

   

 Alpha-fetoprotein

< 5 μg/l

1

     

≥5 μg/l

1.08

(0.38–3.04)

0.887

   

 PIVKA-II

< 21 AU/l

1

     

≥21 AU/l

0.23

(0.03–1.79)

0.160

   
  1. *Significance was determined using a Cox proportional hazard model. CI confidence interval, ULN upper limit of normal