Predictors of distant metastasis on exploration in patients with potentially resectable pancreatic cancer

BMC Gastroenterology

Table 3 Univariate and multivariate analyses of factors predicting distant metastases

		Total n = 235	NM n = 173	WM n = 62	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis^a
		Total n = 235	NM n = 173	WM n = 62	p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)
Age	> 62	115	95	20	0.003	1	< 0.001	1
	≤62	120	78	42		2.55 (1.39, 4.71)		3.97 (1.87, 8.42)
Sex	Female	84	68	16	0.057	1	0.011	1
	Male	151	105	46		1.86 (0.98, 3.55)		2.79 (1.26, 6.19)
Pain	No	85	67	18	0.174	1
	Yes	150	106	44		1.50 (0.82, 2.90)
Jaundice	No	162	112	50	0.022	1
	Yes	73	61	12		0.44 (0.22, 0.89)
Weight loss	No	135	103	32	0.280	1
	Yes	100	70	30		1.37 (0.77, 2.47)
Smoking	No	187	139	48	0.624	1
	Yes	48	34	14		1.19 (0.59, 2.41)
Drinking	No	197	141	56	0.112	1
	Yes	38	32	6		0.47 (0.19, 1.19)
Hypertension	No	71	51	20	0.683	1
	Yes	164	122	42		1.14 (0.61, 2.13)
Diabetes	No	199	148	51	0.538	1
	Yes	36	25	11		1.28 (0.59, 2.78)
Interval between imaging and surgery	≤7	170	123	47		1
	7–14	48	39	9	0.213	0.60 (0.27, 1.34)
	≥14	17	11	6	0.461	1.49 (0.52, 4.31)
Tumor size	< 4.0	96	92	4	< 0.001	1	< 0.001	1
	≥4.0	139	81	58		16.47 (5.73, 47.36)		16.02 (5.31, 48.30)
Tumor location	Head	174	134	40	0.048	1
	Body/tail	61	39	22		1.88 (1.01, 3.55)
ALT	≥125	71	64	7	< 0.001	1	< 0.001	1
	< 125	164	109	55		4.61 (1.98, 10.74)		6.19 (2.26, 16.92)
AST	≥ 85	75	64	11	0.006	1
	< 85	160	109	51		2.72 (1.32, 5.60)
TBil	≥75	78	65	13	0.019	1
	< 75	157	108	49		2.27 (1.14, 4.50)
DBil	≥50	75	61	14	0.069	1
	< 50	160	112	48		1.87 (0.95, 3.66)
ALB	≥40	124	89	35	0.498	1
	< 40	111	84	27		0.82 (0.46, 1.47)
AFP	< 3.0	153	111	42	0.612	1
	≥3.0	82	62	20		0.85 (0.46, 1.57)
CA19–9	< 385	144	115	29	0.007	1	0.015	1
	≥385	91	58	33		2.26 (1.25, 4.07)		2.49 (1.19, 5.21)
CEA	< 9	183	145	38	< 0.001	1
	≥9	52	28	24		3.53 (1.87, 6.67)