Table 5 Comprehensive comparison of 14 studies on EOPC, including our study (first column)

Ntala C 2018, RLH, UK

Piciucchi M 2016, Italy [7]

Tingstedt B 2011, Sweden [5]

Luttges J 2003, Germany [8]

Bergmann F 2006, Germany [9]

Duffy A 2009, USA [10]

He J 2013, USA [12]

Length of the study in years

11y (2004–2015)

7y (2006–2013)

15y (1993–2008)

26y (1973–1999)

2006

13y (1995–2008)

34y (1975–2009)

 No. EOPC (%)

35 (9.5%)

25 (8.5%)

33 (5.7%)

10 (2.3%)

7 cases

136 (4.4%)

75 (7.9%)

 Age included in study (range)

≤50y (33–50)

≤50y

≤50y (30–50)

≤39 (10-39y)

≤40y (35–40)

≤45y (20–45)

≤45y (31–45)

 Male

71% (p = 0.043)

68.0%

61.0% (p = 0.02)

100.0%

0

54.0%

56.0%

 White

37% (p = 0.002)

89.0%

 Black

9.0%

4.0%

 Other

31.0%

7.0%

 Smokers

31.0%

56%* (p = 0.001)

73.0%

71.4%

37.0%

37.0%

 Use of alcohol

26.0%

36.0%

21.0%

 Obesity (BMI > 30)

6.0%

mean BMI = 27

9.0%

 History of CP

14.0%

0.0%

12.0%

14.3%

13.0%

 History of diabetes

23.0%

4.0% (p = 0.00001)

3.0%

 Family history of cancer (1st degree relative)

11.4%

48.0%

71.4%

5.1%

 Family history of pancreatic cancer (1st degree relative)

0.0%

8.0%

3.0%

0

2.2%

 New onset diabetes

6.0%

4.0%

21.0%

 Weight loss

54.3%

52.0%

55.0%

33.0%

 Jaundice

62.8%

16.0% (p = 0.006)

61.0%

45.0%

 Abdominal pain

45.7%

68.0% (p = 0.06)

91.0% (p = 0.001^)

32.0% (p = 0.06)

 Location-Head

77.0%

64.0% (p = 0.03)

79.0%

71.40%

 Location-Body

(B + T) 23%

12.0%

 Location-Tail

9.0%

28.60%

 G1 - Well differentiated

5.7%

20.0%

10.0%

57.2%

 G2 - Moderately differentiated

45.7%

45.0%

45%

42.8%

 G3 - Poorly differentiated

34.3%

61.0%

25.0%

14%

 Perineural invasion

34.3%

64.0%

 Localised/Resectable

22.9% (p = 0.015)

16.0%

18.0%

25.7%

32.0%

 Locally advanced

54.0%

36.0%

27.0% (p = 0.005)

20.1%

68.0%

 Metastatic

22.9%

48.0%

52.0% (p = 0.001)

14.3%

50.0%

 Resected cases

22.9% (p = 0.015)

16.0%

27.0% (p = 0.01)

71.4%

25.7%

(R0) 69.0%

 Palliative chemo/radiotherapy

60.0% (p = 0.008)

48.0% (p = 0.003)

45.0%/36.0% (p = ns/0.002)

28.6%

 Supportive treatment

17.1%

 Median OS

12

11

5.7

12.3

19

 Median OS (resectable cases)

25

41.8

 Stage I + II

22.8% (25)

25.7% (41.8) (p = 0.0001)

I + IIA:32% (27)

 Stage III

54.3% (11)

36.0% (11)

20% (15.3)

IIB + III;68% (16)

 Stage IV

17.1% (6)

48.0% (7)

50% (7.2)

 5 years survival rate

3.3%

24.00%

 10 years survival rate

17.00%

 5 years survival rate I-IIA

42.00%

 5 years survival rate IIB-III

16.00%

Beeghly-Fadiel A 2016, USA [6]

McWilliams RR 2017, USA [14]

Ohmoto A 2017, Japan [37]

Jiang Q-L 2017, China [13]

Lin J-C 2011, China [4]

Soliman AS 2002, Egypt [41]

Raissouni S 2012, Morocco [36]

Length of the study in years

25y (1988–2013)

11y (2000–2011)

11y (2002–2013)

16y (1999–2014)

19y (1990–2009)

5y (1995–2000)

5y (2005–2010)

 No. EOPC (%)

118 (8.4%)

226 (11.5%)

17 (1.87%)

156 (8.7%)

25 (10.2%)

165 (22.6%)

32 (17%)

 Age included in study (range)

≤49y

≤44y

≤40y (21–40)

≤45y (17–45)

≤49y

≤50y

≤45y (28–45)

 Male

60.2%

54.0%

64.7%

75% (p = 0.006)

65.0%

 White

86.3%

 Black

11.10%

 Other

2.60%

 Smokers

35% and 6%^§

58.8%

34.6% (p = 0.024)

44.0%

12.5%

 Use of alcohol

11%†

35.3%

32.0%

 Obesity (BMI > 30)

19%

(BMI ≥ 28) 16.7%

 History of CP

1.0%

16.0%

 History of diabetes

3.0%

11.5%

4.0%

6.0%

 Family history of cancer (1st degree relative)

29.4%

17.3%

 Family history of pancreatic cancer (1st degree relative)

17.5%

8.0%

5.8%

3.8%

8.0%

 New onset diabetes

11.5%

4.0%

 Weight loss

46.2%

48.0%

43.0%

 Jaundice

18.9%

52.0%

68.0%

 Abdominal pain

62.1%

72.0%

87.5%

 Location-Head

67.0%

52.90%

69.90%

75.0%

 Location-Body

12.3%

(B + T) 47.1%

(B + T) 30%

12.5%

 Location-Tail

12.3%

12.5%

 G1 - Well differentiated

3.8%%

 G2 - Moderately differentiated

14.7%%

 G3 - Poorly differentiated

26.3%%

 Perineural invasion

 Localised/Resectable

40.0%

28.8%

40.0%

18.7%

 Locally advanced

16.0%

34.0%

21.8%

 Metastatic

44.0%

37.2%

52.0%

59.3%

 Resected cases

23.3%

23.20%

20.5%

40.0%

33.1%

18.7%

 Palliative chemo/radiotherapy

38.9%

70%

47.4%

30.7%

26.2%

 Supportive treatment

37.9%

14.6%

37.5%

 Median OS

9.3 (p = 0.045)

6.7

8

5.6

6.6

 Median OS in resectable

19.6

19

10.3

32

 Stage I + II

6% + 34%

23.2% (19.6)

9% (19)

18.8% (32)

 Stage III

16.0%

23.5% (18.2)

53.8% (9)

21.8% (7.9)

 Stage IV

44.0%

52.9% (5)

37.2% (5)

59% (6.4)

 1 year survival rate

37.5%

28% (40% in resected cases)

 5 years survival rate

4% (10% in resected cases)