Fig. 4

GGA induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in LX2 cells. C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), Bip, and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) mRNA expression were assessed by real-time PCR in LX2 cells treated with GGA (a, b, c). The difference in PARP cleavage between control LX2 cells and LX2 cells transfected with CHOP siRNA was assessed by western blotting analysis (d). In all experiments, LX2 cells were incubated in the presence or absence of GGA (0.10–0.50 mM) for 24 h. All experiments had n = 3. *P < 0.05