Fig. 2

GGA suppressed activation and fibrogenesis of LX2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. LX2 cells were incubated in the presence or absence of GGA (0.10–0.50 mM) for 24 h, and the expression of the fibrosis-related proteins, α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and type 1 collagen was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (a, b) and western blotting (c). GGA decreased SMA expression in LX2 cells as measured using immunofluorescent microscopy. GGA treatment was performed for 24 h at the indicated concentrations. d The number of all experiments was n = 3. *P < 0.05