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Table 5 Associations between selected dietary factors and GBD (HRa and 95% CI) by race/ethnicity

From: Sex and ethnic/racial-specific risk factors for gallbladder disease

 

NH-White

N = 2600

African

American

N = 2469

Native

Hawaiian

N = 511

Japanese American

N = 3133

Latino

US born

N = 2398

Latino

Mexico/SA born

N = 2326

Dietary Fiber (g/1000 kcal/day)

 ≤ 9.0

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

 > 9.0 – ≤ 11.6

0.91 (0.82–1.03)

0.90 (0.80–1.01)

0.84 (0.66–1.07)

1.04 (0.94–1.14)

1.11 (0.97–1.27)

0.98 (0.83–1.16)

 > 11.6 – ≤ 14.8

0.92 (0.82–1.03)

0.82 (0.73–0.93)

0.79 (0.60–1.03)

0.99 (0.89–1.10)

0.94 (0.82–1.08)

0.80 (0.68–0.94)

 > 14.8

0.75 (0.66–0.85)

0.78 (0.68–0.88)

0.83 (0.62–1.12)

0.85 (0.76–0.96)

0.89 (0.77–1.02)

0.78 (0.67–0.91)

  P trend

< .0001

< .0001

0.1166

0.0146

0.0033

< .0001

Total Vegetables (g/1000 kcal/day)

 ≤ 109.3

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

 > 109.3 – ≤ 150.1

1.03 (0.92–1.15)

0.99 (0.89–1.10)

0.91 (0.70–1.18)

1.02 (0.92–1.13)

0.89 (0.79–1.00)

0.94 (0.82–1.09)

 > 150.1 – ≤ 202.6

0.91 (0.81–1.02)

0.88 (0.78–0.99)

1.02 (0.78–1.33)

0.98 (0.88–1.09)

0.91 (0.81–1.03)

0.92 (0.80–1.05)

 > 202.6

0.86 (0.76–0.97)

0.88 (0.78–0.99)

0.94 (0.71–1.23)

0.93 (0.83–1.04)

0.83 (0.74–0.94)

0.85 (0.74–0.97)

  P trend

0.0024

0.0094

0.8386

0.1317

0.0079

0.0085

Total Fruits (g/1000 kcal/day)

 ≤ 78.9

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

 > 78.9 – ≤ 145.9

0.85 (0.76–0.95)

0.83 (0.74–0.94)

1.03 (0.80–1.33)

0.93 (0.84–1.04)

1.08 (0.96–1.21)

0.89 (0.78–1.00)

 > 145.9 – ≤ 239.8

0.81 (0.72–0.91)

0.92 (0.82–1.04)

0.96 (0.73–1.26)

0.94 (0.85–1.05)

1.02 (0.90–1.15)

0.90 (0.79–1.02)

 > 239.8

0.85 (0.76–0.96)

0.83 (0.74–0.94)

0.76 (0.57–1.02)

0.93 (0.84–1.04)

1.02 (0.90–1.16)

0.78 (0.69–0.88)

  P trend

0.0076

0.0245

0.0586

0.3021

0.9962

0.0002

Red Meat (g/1000 kcal/day)

 ≤ 14.3

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

 > 14.3 – ≤ 24.4

1.06 (0.95–1.18)

1.12 (1.00–1.27)

0.88 (0.66–1.18)

1.06 (0.96–1.18)

1.08 (0.94–1.23)

1.10 (0.97–1.25)

 > 24.4 – ≤ 36.1

1.18 (1.06–1.32)

1.08 (0.95–1.22)

0.91 (0.69–1.22)

1.15 (1.04–1.27)

1.06 (0.93–1.21)

1.09 (0.96–1.24)

 > 36.1

1.13 (1.00–1.28)

1.32 (1.17–1.49)

1.20 (0.91–1.58)

1.16 (1.04–1.30)

1.15 (1.01–1.30)

1.13 (1.00–1.28)

  P trend

0.0100

< .0001

0.1033

0.0024

0.0545

0.0934

% Calories from Saturated Fat

 ≤ 7.1

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

 > 7.1 – ≤ 8.9

1.02 (0.91–1.15)

1.03 (0.90–1.18)

1.16 (0.91–1.49)

1.07 (0.98–1.17)

1.11 (0.95–1.29)

1.08 (0.94–1.25)

 > 8.9 – ≤ 10.8

1.07 (0.95–1.20)

1.08 (0.95–1.23)

1.01 (0.77–1.32)

1.11 (1.00–1.23)

1.18 (1.02–1.36)

1.14 (0.99–1.30)

 > 10.8

1.13 (1.00–1.27)

1.18 (1.04–1.35)

1.06 (0.78–1.42)

1.09 (0.93–1.27)

1.20 (1.04–1.39)

1.27 (1.11–1.46)

  P trend

0.0361

0.0039

0.9779

0.0452

0.0104

0.0003

Cholesterol (mg/1000 kcal/day)

 ≤ 77.8

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

 > 77.8 – ≤ 101.7

1.05 (0.94–1.18)

1.09 (0.95–1.26)

0.94 (0.72–1.23)

1.09 (1.00–1.19)

1.09 (0.96–1.25)

1.04 (0.91–1.18)

 > 101.7 – ≤ 128.7

1.08 (0.97–1.21)

1.19 (1.04–1.36)

1.15 (0.88–1.50)

1.03 (0.93–1.14)

1.24 (1.10–1.41)

1.08 (0.96–1.23)

 > 128.7

1.18 (1.05–1.33)

1.20 (1.05–1.36)

1.30 (0.99–1.70)

1.10 (0.98–1.23)

1.16 (1.02–1.32)

1.14 (1.01–1.30)

  P trend

0.0069

0.0043

0.0252

0.1768

0.0115

0.0271

% Calories from Carbohydrate

 ≤ 46.1

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

 > 46.1 – ≤ 52.1

0.99 (0.88–1.10)

0.89 (0.80–0.99)

0.89 (0.66–1.20)

1.03 (0.89–1.19)

1.12 (1.00–1.25)

0.88 (0.78–1.00)

 > 52.1 – ≤ 58.2

0.94 (0.84–1.06)

0.92 (0.82–1.03)

0.92 (0.69–1.24)

1.00 (0.86–1.15)

1.01 (0.90–1.15)

0.84 (0.74–0.96)

 > 58.2

0.90 (0.80–1.03)

0.89 (0.78–1.01)

0.93 (0.69–1.26)

0.96 (0.83–1.11)

1.01 (0.88–1.16)

0.82 (0.71–0.93)

  P trend

0.0891

0.0767

0.8459

0.2587

0.8483

0.0028

  1. aHR stratified by matching factors (birth year, ethnicity, study area, duration of Medicare enrollment) and adjusted for smoking-pack years (never, past < 20, past ≥ 20, current < 20, current ≥ 20), alcohol intake (0, < 24, 24- ≤ 48, > 48 ethanol g/day), body mass index (< 25, 25- < 30, 30+ kg/m2), diabetes (no/yes), calories, and education (≤ High School, some college, ≥ college graduate
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