Table 2 Microbiota colonization pattern significantly associated to the mode of delivery at different postnatal periods in the first year of life

From birth to 7 days

Actinobacteria

 Bifidobacterium- like bacteria

41 %

4 %

P = 0.003

Lower in the CS delivered infants

[34]

 Bifidobacterium OTU1

28 %

6 %

P = 0.042

Lower in the CS delivered infants

[35]

 Bifidobacterium – like

85 %

36 %

P < 0.001

Lower in the CS delivered infants

[20]

 Bifidobacterium

–

–

P < 0.05

Lower in the CS delivered infants

[26]

Proteobacteria

 Enterobacteriaceae

–

–

P = 0.0174

Lower in the CS delivered infants

[36]

 Unclassified Enterobacteriaceae

–

–

P < 0.05

Higher in the CS delivered infants

[26]

 Haemophilus

–

–

P < 0.05

Higher in the CS delivered infants

[26]

Bacteriodetes

 Bacteroides

73 %

11 %

P = 0.005

Lower in the CS delivered infants

[27]

 Bacteroides – prevotella

–

–

P = 0.0130

Lower in the CS delivered infants

[36]

 Bacteroides fragilis

68 %

3 %

P < 0.001

Lower in the CS delivered infants

[20]

 Bacteroides

–

–

P < 0.05

Lower in the CS delivered infants

[26]

Firmicutes

 Lactobacilli

59 %

4 %

P = 0.000

Lower in the CS delivered infants

[34]

 Lactobacillus

–

–

P < 0.001

Lower in the CS delivered infants

[36]

 Clostridiaceae1

–

–

P < 0.05

Higher in the CS delivered infants

[26]

 Veillonella

P < 0.05

Higher in the CS delivered infants

[26]

 Klebsiella

–

–

P = 5.8E⁻⁸

Higher in the CS infants

[35]

From 8 to 30 days

Actinobacteria

 Bifidobacterium-like

53 %

0

P = 0.007

Not detected in the CS delivered infants

[34]

 Bifidobacterium-like

98 %

58 %

P < 0.001

Lower in the CS delivered infants

[20]

 Bifidobacterium

–

–

P < 0.05

Lower in the CS delivered infants

[26]

 Bifidobacteria

–

–

P = 0.001

Lower in the CS delivered infants

[21]

Proteobacteria

 Unclassified Enterobacteriaceae

–

–

P < 0.05

Higher in the CS delivered infants

[26]

 Haemophilus

–

–

P < 0.05

Higher in the CS delivered infants

[26]

Bacteroidetes

 Bacteroides-prevotella

–

–

P = 0.0338

Lower in the CS delivered infants

[36]

 Bacteroides fragilis

63 %

0

P < 0.001

Not detected in the CS delivered infants

[20]

 Bacteroides

–

–

P < 0. 05

Lower in the CS delivered infants

[26]

 Bacteroides

–

–

P < 0.05

Lower in the CS delivered infants

[27]

Firmicutes

 Clostridium perfringens

17 %

57 %

P = 0.003

Higher in the CS delivered infants

[20]

 Clostridium

–

–

P < 0.05

Higher in the CS delivered infants

[26]

 Veillonella

–

–

P < 0.05

Higher in the CS delivered infants

[26]

 Enterococcus

–

–

P < 0.0001

Higher in the CS delivered infants

[27]

From 31 to 90 days

Actinobacteria

 Bifidobacterium

–

–

P = 0.0064

Lower in the CS delivered infants

[36]

 Bifidobacterium

–

33 %

P = 0.046

Lower in the CS delivered infants

[35]

Proteobacteria

 Unclassified Enterobacteriaceae

–

–

P < 0.05

Higher in the CS delivered infants

[26]

Bacteroidetes

 Bacteroides-prevotella

–

–

P = 0.0336

Lower in the CS delivered infants

[36]

 Bacteroides

73 %

11 %

P = 0.005

Lower in the CS delivered infants

[27]

 Bacteroides fragilis

78 %

14 %

P < 0.001

Lower in the CS delivered infants

[20]

 Bacteroides

–

–

P < 0.05

Lower in the CS delivered infants

[26]

Firmicutes

 Clostridium

–

–

P < 0.05

Higher in the CS delivered infants

[26]

From 91 to 180 days

Actinobacteria

 Bifidobacterium

–

40 %

P = 0.046

Lower in CS delivered infants

[35]

Proteobacteria

 Unclassified Enterobacteriaceae

–

–

P < 0.05

Higher in the CS delivered infants

[26]

Bacteroidetes

 Bacteroides fragilis

76 %

36 %

P = 0.009

Lower in the CS delivered infants

[20]

Firmicutes

 Clostridiales

–

–

P < 0.05

Higher in the CS delivered infants

[26]

From 181 to 360 days

Bacteroidetes

 Bacteroides

93 %

44 %

P = 0.015

Lower in the CS delivered infants

[27]