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Table 3 Confounder-adjusted effects of definite epilepsy, unspecified seizures, and use of antiepileptic drugs for non-epilepsy indications on the hazard rate of HE episodes grade 1, 2, 3, or 4

From: Epilepsy as a risk factor for hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: a cohort study

 

Adjusted hazard ratio

Patient category (after re-categorization)

 Definite epilepsy

2.49 (0.78–7.90)

 Unspecified seizures

1.50 (0.47–4.76)

 Antiepileptic drugs for non-epilepsy indications

1.52 (0.74–3.12)

 Controls

1 (reference)

Male vs. female

1.08 (0.83–1.40)

Age, per 10-year increase

1.17 (1.03–1.32)

Cirrhosis etiology

 Alcohol alone (%)

1 (reference)

 Hepatitis C alone (%)

1.65 (1.19–2.30)

 Other (%)

1.35 (1.03–1.76)

Diabetes

1.38 (1.06–1.78)

History of HE before randomization

1.70 (1.33–2.18)

MELD score, per point

1.09 (1.07–1.11)

Sodium, per 5 mmol/L increase

0.63 (0.57–0.70)

Albumin, per 5 g/L increase

0.78 (0.70–0.87)

Lactulose, any dose vs. none

1.80 (1.41–2.29)

Rifaximin, any dose vs. none

0.59 (0.32–1.11)

Benzodiazepines/barbiturates, any dose vs. none

1.23 (0.86–1.76)