From: Risk prediction models for colorectal cancer in people with symptoms: a systematic review
Author, year | TRIPOD levela | Demographic variables | Personal and Family Medical History | Symptoms | Signs | Investigations | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Sex | Smoking | Alcohol | Other | Family history of GI cancer | Other | Rectal bleeding | Change in bowel habit | Diarrhoea | Constipation | Abdominal pain | Weight loss | Loss of appetite | Mucous | Other | Abnor mal rectal examination | Other | Haemoglobinb | MCV | FOBT | Other | ||
Models predicting gastrointestinal cancers and neoplasms | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Adelstein, 2010 [32] | 1b | ā | ā | Colonoscopy in last 10 years; history of diverticular disease, NSAID use, or aspirin use. | ā | ā | ā | Anaemiab. | |||||||||||||||
Adelstein, 2011 [31] | 1a | ā | ā | ā | Education level. | Colonoscopy in last 10 years; history of colorectal polyps, IBS, NSAID use or aspirin use. | ā | ā | Anaemiab; fatigue. | ||||||||||||||
Fijten, 1995 [21] | 1a, 4 | ā | ād | ā | |||||||||||||||||||
Hamilton, 2005 [22] | 1a | ā | ā | ā | ā | ā | Abdominal tenderness | ā | ā | Blood glucose | |||||||||||||
Hamilton, 2009 [23] | 1a | ā | ā | ā | ā | ā | ā | ā | ā | ||||||||||||||
Hippisley-Cox, 2012 (Male) [25] | 2a, 4 | ā | N/A | ā | ā | ā | ā | ā | ā | ā | ā | ||||||||||||
Hippisley-Cox, 2012 (Female) [25] | 2a, 4 | ā | N/A | ā | ā | ā | ā | ā | ā | ||||||||||||||
Hurst, 2007 [28] | 1a | ā | ā | ā | ā | ā | sMMP-9 | ||||||||||||||||
Lam, 2002 [20] | 1a | ā | āe | ā | |||||||||||||||||||
Mahadavan, 2011 [29] | 1a | ā | ā | ā | ā | ā | eDNA; CEA | ||||||||||||||||
Marshall, 2011 (BB equation) [24] | 3 | ā | ā | āf | āf | āf | ā | ā | Abdominal mass | ā | ā | ā | |||||||||||
Marshall, 2011 (CAPER score) [24] | 4 | ā | ā | ā | ā | ā | Abdominal mass | ā | |||||||||||||||
Selvachandran, 2002 (WNS) [30] c | 4, 4, 4, 4 | ā | ā | āFamily historyā, ārelevant medical historyā. | ā | ā | ā | ā | Tenesmus; urgency; incomplete emptying; perianal symptoms; āabdominal symptomsā; tiredness. | ||||||||||||||
Models predicting cancers of multiple organ systems alongside colorectal cancer | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Hippisley-Cox, 2013 (Male) [27] | 2a | ā | N/A | ā | ā | BMI; Townsend deprivation score. | ā | History of chronic pancreatitis, type 2 diabetes, or COPD; family history of prostate cancer. | ā | ā | ā | ā | ā | ā | Abdominal distension; heartburn; indigestion; dysphagia, haematemesis; haematuria; haemoptysis; neck lump; Night sweats; testicular lump; testicular pain; first occurrence of a venous thromboembolism; bruising; cough; impotence; nocturia; urinary frequency; urinary retention. | ā | |||||||
Hippisley-Cox, 2013 (Female) [26] | 2a | ā | N/A | ā | ā | BMI; Townsend deprivation score. | ā | History of chronic pancreatitis, type 2 diabetes, COPD, or endometrial hyperplasia/polyps; family history of breast cancer or ovarian cancer. | ā | ā | ā | ā | ā | ā | Abdominal distension; heartburn; indigestion; dysphagia; haematemesis; rectal bleeding; haematuria; haemoptysis; neck lump; weight loss; night sweats; breast lump; breast pain; nipple discharge or breast skin changes; inter-menstrual bleeding; post-menopausal bleeding; post-coital bleeding; first occurrence of a venous thromboembolism; bruising; cough. | ā |