Table 1 Socio-demographic and clinical criteria of the patients and controls

Age (mean ± SD)

45.5 ± 8.08

33.6 ± 12.09

<0.001*

Sex

<0.0001*

 Male

161 (63.9 %)

53 (35.3 %)

 Female

91 (36.1 %)

97 (64.7 %)

Residence

<0.9

 Urban

156 (61.9 %)

93 (62 %)

 Rural

96 (38.1 %)

57 (38 %)

Years of education (Mean ± SD)

9.70 ± 2.9

10.4 ± 1.8

<0.13

Smoking

<0.0001*

 Yes

138 (54.8 %)

13 (8.7 %)

 No

114 (45.2 %)

137 (91.3 %)

BMI (kg/m²)

29.4 ± 3.9

23.9 ± 3.5

<0.003*

Red flag symptoms

<0.09

 Yes

10 (4 %)

2 (1.3 %)

 No

242 (96 %)

148 (98.7 %)

Psycho-social symptoms

<0.2

 Yes

9 (3.6 %)

12 (8 %)

 No

243 (96.4 %)

138 (92 %)