Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
---|---|
Patient cohort | Patient cohort |
 All studies on preterm infants |  Adult studies (>16 years) |
 All studies on children (birth – 16 years) |  Animal studies |
Intervention | Intervention |
 Whole protein formula or feeds |  Paediatric formula/feeds assessing impact of osmolality, carbohydrates and fat content on GE |
 Partial or extensively hydrolysed casein formula or feeds | |
 Partial or extensively hydrolysed casein formula or feeds |  Paediatric formula/feeds that are mixed at a non-standard concentration |
 Mix of casein and whey protein, hydrolysed or whole formula or feeds |  Paediatric formula/feeds that are pre-thickened |
 Adult feeds | |
 Amino acids formula or feeds |  Any feeds tested in animal models |
Comparison | Comparison |
 Whole protein formulas versus breast milk |  Adult feeds |
 Whole protein versus hydrolysed (casein/whey) formula/feeds |  Animal models |
 Hydrolysed (casein/whey) versus amino acid formula/feeds | |
 Amino acid versus whole protein formula/feeds | |
Outcome measurements | Outcome measurements |
 Scintigraphy (Tc99 sulfur colloid scan) |  Paracetamol absorption |
 13C-OABT |  13C-acetate BT |
 13C-Na- OABT |  Ultrasound |
 Manometry |