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Table 1 Systematic review inclusion and exclusion criteria for GE studies using formula/enteral feeds or breast milk

From: Systematic review of the impact of feed protein type and degree of hydrolysis on gastric emptying in children

Inclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria

Patient cohort

Patient cohort

 All studies on preterm infants

 Adult studies (>16 years)

 All studies on children (birth – 16 years)

 Animal studies

Intervention

Intervention

 Whole protein formula or feeds

 Paediatric formula/feeds assessing impact of osmolality, carbohydrates and fat content on GE

 Partial or extensively hydrolysed casein formula or feeds

 Partial or extensively hydrolysed casein formula or feeds

 Paediatric formula/feeds that are mixed at a non-standard concentration

 Mix of casein and whey protein, hydrolysed or whole formula or feeds

 Paediatric formula/feeds that are pre-thickened

 Adult feeds

 Amino acids formula or feeds

 Any feeds tested in animal models

Comparison

Comparison

 Whole protein formulas versus breast milk

 Adult feeds

 Whole protein versus hydrolysed (casein/whey) formula/feeds

 Animal models

 Hydrolysed (casein/whey) versus amino acid formula/feeds

 Amino acid versus whole protein formula/feeds

Outcome measurements

Outcome measurements

 Scintigraphy (Tc99 sulfur colloid scan)

 Paracetamol absorption

 13C-OABT

 13C-acetate BT

 13C-Na- OABT

 Ultrasound

 Manometry