Fig. 1
From: Hepatic stellate cells: central modulators of hepatic carcinogenesis
Crosstalk between HSC and HCC. HSC-secreted factors such as HGF may promote hepatocarcinogenesis. Similarly, HCC signalling results in further HGF production from activated HSC. TGF-β demonstrates both tumour-suppressive and tumour-promoting functions, depending on context. HSC produce angiogenic cytokines, supporting new vessel growth. HCC cells contribute to angiogenic signalling, and HSC also possess receptors for some of these factors. Gut-derived LPS induces HSC activation, resulting in epiregulin and HGF production, with mitogenic effects on HCC