Positive regulatory effects of perioperative probiotic treatment on postoperative liver complications after colorectal liver metastases surgery: a double-center and double-blind randomized clinical trial

Table 3 Comparison of serum zonulin with the postoperative infectious complications between probiotics and control the patients with normal intestinal barrier function (Intention-to-treat)

Outcomes	Intention-to-treat
Outcomes	Control (n = 30)	PRO (n = 30)	P Value
Serum zonulin (ng/mg protein)	0.72 ± 0.26	0.51 ± 0.29	0.004
Septicemia (%)
Total	87 (26/30)	50 (15/30)	0.005
HZ	95 (19/20)	66 (10/15)	0.064
LZ	70 (7/10)	33 (5/15)	0.111
HZ vs. LZ	HZ vs LZ (83% vs 48%), P = 0.006
Correlation between septicemia and zonulin, r = 0.613, P < 0.001
Urinary infection (%)
Total	20 (6/30)	0 (0/30)	0.024
HZ	15 (3/20)	0 (0/15)	0.244
LZ	30 (3/10)	0 (0/15)	0.052
HZ vs. LZ	HZ vs LZ (9% vs 12%), P = 0.686
Diarrhea incidence (%)
Total	60 (18/30)	27 (8/30)	0.018
HZ	50 (10/20)	27 (4/15)	0.296
LZ	80 (8/10)	27 (4/15)	0.015
HZ vs. LZ	HZ vs LZ (40% vs 48%), P = 0.603
Duration of postoperative pyrexia (>38.5°C) (d)
Total	6.99 ± 2.38	5.49 ± 3.21	0.044
HZ	7.97 ± 1.77 (n = 20)	8.02 ± 0.87 (n = 15)	0.927
LZ	5.01 ± 2.27 (n = 10)	2.95 ± 2.61 (n = 15)	0.054
HZ vs. LZ	HZ vs LZ (7.99 ± 1.43 vs 3.78 ± 2.64), P < 0.001
Cumulative duration of antibiotic therapy (d)
Total	7.17 ± 1.60	6.13 ± 1.72	0.019
HZ	7.90 ± 1.21 (n = 20)	7.47 ± 1.19 (n = 15)	0.298
LZ	5.70 ± 1.25 (n = 10)	4.80 ± 0.94 (n = 15)	0.052
HZ vs. LZ	HZ vs LZ (7.71 ± 1.20 vs 5.16 ± 1.14), P < 0.001
Postoperative hospital stay
Total	12.87 ± 3.01	11.33 ± 2.22	0.029
HZ	14.15 ± 2.64 (n = 20)	13.13 ± 1.60 (n = 15)	0.197
LZ	10.30 ± 1.89 (n = 10)	9.53 ± 0.83 (n = 15)	0.177
HZ vs. LZ	HZ vs LZ (13.71 ± 2.28 vs 9.84 ± 1.38), P < 0.001
Hospital charge (Yuan)	60196.12 ± 6532.16	53628.22 ± 6513.28	<0.001

HZ, high serum zonulin (≥0.6 ng/mg protein); LZ, low serum zonulin (<0.6 ng/mg protein); total = HZ + LZ; NS, No significance.
Numerical data between groups were compared by the t-test and nominal data by Pearson χ² test or Fisher’s exact test.
HZ vs LZ compares these subgroups without regard to treatment.
There was also a significant correlation between zonulin and duration of postoperative pyrexia (r = 0.919, p < 0.001), cumulative duration of antibiotic therapy and zonulin (r = 0.936, p < 0.001), and postoperative hospital stay (r = 0.911, p < 0.001).

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