From: Increased use of hypnotics in individuals with celiac disease: a nationwide case-control study
Celiac disease n = 26,587 (%) | Controls n = 133,465 (%) | Hazard ratio | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Poor sleep a | 3323 (12.5) | 13,067 (9.8) | 1.36 | 1.30-1.41 |
Age at CD diagnosis | ||||
≤19 years | 298/11,708 (2.5) | 1058/57,940 (1.8) | 1.41 | 1.24-1.61 |
20-39 years | 608/5170 (11.8) | 2003/25,672 (7.8) | 1.54 | 1.41-1.69 |
40-59 years | 1223/5960 (20.5) | 4659/30,252 (15.4) | 1.37 | 1.29-1.47 |
≥60 years | 1194/3749 (31.8) | 5347/19,601 (27.3) | 1.24 | 1.16-1.33 |
Sex | ||||
Males | 957/9815 (9.8) | 3920/49,688 (7.9) | 1.32 | 1.22-1.42 |
Females | 2366/16,772 (14.1) | 9147/83,777 (10.9) | 1.37 | 1.31-1.44 |
Type of hypnotics used b | ||||
Benzodiazepine-related drugs | 2782/26,591 (10.5) | 10898/133,492 (8.2) | 1.35 | 1.30-1.41 |
Benzodiazepines | 394/26,610 (1.5) | 1334/133,547 (1.0) | 1.59 | 1.41-1.78 |
Other hypnotics | 1191/26,604 (4.5) | 4847/133,536 (3.6) | 1.28 | 1.20-1.37 |
Melatonin receptor agonists | 148/26,611 (0.6) | 445/133,557 (0.3) | 1.69 | 1.40-2.04 |