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Table 5 Risk of poor sleep after celiac disease diagnosis

From: Increased use of hypnotics in individuals with celiac disease: a nationwide case-control study

 

Celiac disease n = 26,587 (%)

Controls n = 133,465 (%)

Hazard ratio

95% CI

Poor sleep a

3323 (12.5)

13,067 (9.8)

1.36

1.30-1.41

Age at CD diagnosis

    

 ≤19 years

298/11,708 (2.5)

1058/57,940 (1.8)

1.41

1.24-1.61

 20-39 years

608/5170 (11.8)

2003/25,672 (7.8)

1.54

1.41-1.69

 40-59 years

1223/5960 (20.5)

4659/30,252 (15.4)

1.37

1.29-1.47

 ≥60 years

1194/3749 (31.8)

5347/19,601 (27.3)

1.24

1.16-1.33

Sex

    

 Males

957/9815 (9.8)

3920/49,688 (7.9)

1.32

1.22-1.42

 Females

2366/16,772 (14.1)

9147/83,777 (10.9)

1.37

1.31-1.44

Type of hypnotics used b

    

 Benzodiazepine-related drugs

2782/26,591 (10.5)

10898/133,492 (8.2)

1.35

1.30-1.41

 Benzodiazepines

394/26,610 (1.5)

1334/133,547 (1.0)

1.59

1.41-1.78

 Other hypnotics

1191/26,604 (4.5)

4847/133,536 (3.6)

1.28

1.20-1.37

 Melatonin receptor agonists

148/26,611 (0.6)

445/133,557 (0.3)

1.69

1.40-2.04

  1. Hazard ratios estimated through cox regression modelling.
  2. aPoor sleep defined as ≥2 prescriptions of hypnotics after CD diagnosis. Data capture of hypnotics: July 1st 2005-January 29th 2008.
  3. bSee Additional file 1: Table S1 for anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) codes used to classify hypnotics.