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Table 2 Risk of poor sleep before celiac disease diagnosis

From: Increased use of hypnotics in individuals with celiac disease: a nationwide case-control study

 

Celiac disease (%)

Controls (%)

Odds ratio

95% CI

Poor sleep a

128/2933 (4.4)

487/14,571 (3.3)

1.33

1.08-1.62

Type of hypnotics used b

    

  Benzodiazepine-related drugs

111 (3.8)

380 (2.6)

1.47

1.18-1.82

  Benzodiazepines

17 (0.6)

65 (0.4)

1.28

0.76-2.16

  Other hypnotics

32 (1.1)

143 (1.0)

1.11

0.76-1.62

  Melatonin receptor agonistsc

0 (0.0)

2 (0.0)

-

-

≥3 prescriptions of hypnotics c

    

 Any hypnotics

78 (2.7)

359 (2.5)

1.07

0.84-1.38

 Benzodiazepine-related drugs

62 (2.1)

256 (1.8)

1.19

0.90-1.58

 Benzodiazepines

7 (0.2)

41 (0.3)

0.85

0.39-1.88

 Other hypnotics

12 (0.4)

86 (0.6)

0.70

0.39-1.28

Melatonin receptor agonistsd

0 (0.0)

2 (0.0)

-

-

Age

    

 ≤19 years

1/1218 (0.1)

4/6074 (0.1)

1.23

0.15-9.80

 20-39 years

8/566 (1.4)

49/2809 (1.7)

0.82

0.39-1.72

 40-59 years

39/583 (6.7)

142/2905 (4.9)

1.38

0.96-1.97

 ≥60 years

80/566 (14.1)

292/2783 (10.5)

1.40

1.07-1.83

Sex

    

 Males

36/1137 (3.2)

150/5645 (2.7)

1.21

0.83-1.75

 Females

92/1796 (5.1)

337/8926 (3.8)

1.38

1.08-1.76

  1. Odds ratios estimated through conditional logistic regression modelling.
  2. aPoor sleep defined as ≥2 prescriptions of hypnotics before celiac disease diagnosis. Data capture of hypnotics: July 1st 2005-January 29th 2008.
  3. bSee Additional file 1: Table S1 for anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) codes used to classify hypnotics.
  4. cThe category “3 prescriptions of hypnotics” is being compared with the category “<3 prescriptions of hypnotics”.
  5. dDue to lack of events no odds ratio was estimated.