Inhibitory effects of astaxanthin on azoxymethane-induced colonic preneoplastic lesions in C57/BL/KsJ-db/dbmice

BMC Gastroenterology

Table 3 Effects of astaxanthin on AOM-induced and BCAC formations in db/db mice

Group no.	Treatment	No. of mice	Total no. of ACF/colon ^a	Total no. of ACF/colonaCrypt multiplicity (Average no. of crypts/foci) ^a	Total no. of large ACFs ^b/colon ^a	Total no. of BCACs/cm2 ^a
1	None	10	0	0	0	0
2	Astaxanthin	10	0	0	0	0
3	AOM alone	10	11.9 ± 7.2	27.4 ± 12.5	1.4 ± 1.5	5.9 ± 2.6
4	AOM + astaxanthin	10	4.3 ± 2.7^c	13.5 ± 5.7^c	0.3 ± 0.6^c	1.0 ± 1.0^c

^aMean ± SD.
^b“Large ACFs” are ACFs with four or more aberrant crypts.
^c Significantly different from group 3 by Tukey-Kramer Multiple Comparison Test (P < 0.05).

ISSN: 1471-230X