Table 2 Odds ratios for the risk of uncomplicated peptic ulcer disease associated with patient characteristics and comorbidities (nested case–control analysis)
Controls N = 2000 n (%) | Uncomplicated PUD cases N = 309 n (%) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) a | |
|---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
Male | 1046 (52.3) | 161 (52.1) | NA |
Female | 954 (47.7) | 148 (47.9) | NA |
Age at index date, years | |||
50-59 | 250 (12.5) | 43 (13.9) | NA |
60-69 | 575 (28.7) | 86 (27.8) | NA |
70-79 | 859 (43.0) | 129 (41.7) | NA |
80-84 | 316 (15.8) | 51 (16.5) | NA |
Follow-up time, months | |||
< 6 | 211 (10.5) | 38 (12.3) | NA |
6-12 | 227 (11.4) | 33 (10.7) | NA |
13-24 | 335 (16.8) | 55 (17.8) | NA |
25-48 | 538 (26.9) | 80 (25.9) | NA |
> 48 | 689 (34.5) | 103 (33.3) | NA |
Visits to PCPb | |||
< 3 | 62 (3.1) | 3 (1.0) | 1 (-) |
4-9 | 544 (27.2) | 47 (15.2) | 1.35 (0.40-4.52) |
≥ 10 | 1394 (69.7) | 259 (83.8) | 2.03 (0.61-6.76) |
Referralsb | |||
0 | 466 (23.3) | 37 (12.0) | 1 (-) |
1-3 | 834 (41.7) | 118 (38.2) | 1.46 (0.97-2.20) |
≥ 4 | 700 (35.0) | 154 (49.8) | 1.98 (1.30-3.00) |
Hospitalizationsb | |||
0 | 1584 (79.2) | 213 (68.9) | 1 (-) |
≥ 1 | 416 (20.8) | 96 (31.1) | 1.21 (0.90-1.63) |
Smoking | |||
Non-smoker | 800 (40.0) | 105 (34.0) | 1 (-) |
Smoker | 267 (13.4) | 67 (21.7) | 1.96 (1.37-2.80) |
Ex-smoker | 892 (44.6) | 135 (43.7) | 1.01 (0.76-1.34) |
Unknown | 41 (2.1) | 2 (0.6) | 0.48 (0.11-2.08) |
BMI, kg/m2 | |||
11-19 | 67 (3.4) | 15 (4.9) | 1.11 (0.59-2.11) |
20-24 | 489 (24.4) | 86 (27.8) | 1 (-) |
25-29 | 781 (39.1) | 114 (36.9) | 0.81 (0.59-1.11) |
≥ 30 | 510 (25.5) | 80 (25.9) | 0.83 (0.59-1.18) |
Unknown | 153 (7.6) | 14 (4.5) | 0.69 (0.37-1.31) |
Alcohol use, units per week | |||
0 | 88 (4.4) | 19 (6.1) | 1 (-) |
1-4 | 377 (18.9) | 58 (18.8) | 0.67 (0.37-1.21) |
5-15 | 395 (19.8) | 56 (18.1) | 0.64 (0.35-1.17) |
≥ 16 | 148 (7.4) | 22 (7.1) | 0.65 (0.31-1.32) |
Unknown | 992 (49.6) | 154 (49.8) | 0.66 (0.38-1.16) |
Practice location | |||
Rural | 235 (6.8) | 7 (2.3) | 1 (-) |
Urban | 1382 (69.1) | 233 (75.4) | 3.21 (1.46-7.04) |
Town | 240 (12.0) | 28 (9.1) | 2.38 (1.00-5.68) |
Unknown | 243 (12.2) | 41 (13.3) | 2.75 (1.18-6.42) |
Townsend deprivation index | |||
1 (least deprived) | 489 (24.4) | 59 (19.1) | 1 (-) |
2 | 435 (21.8) | 55 (17.8) | 1.09 (0.73-1.63) |
3 | 411 (20.5) | 68 (22.0) | 1.29 (0.88-1.90) |
4 | 382 (19.1) | 68 (22.0) | 1.35 (0.91-1.99) |
5 (most deprived) | 54 (17.5) | 54 (17.5) | 1.56 (1.01-2.39) |
Unknown | 5 (1.6) | 5 (1.6) | 0.52 (0.20-1.37) |
Comorbidities | |||
Cerebrovascular diseasec | 629 (31.5) | 91 (29.4) | 0.89 (0.68-1.17) |
Ischaemic heart diseasec | 1382 (69.1) | 221 (71.5) | 1.07 (0.81-1.41) |
Myocardial infarctionc | 514 (25.7) | 97 (31.4) | 1.26 (0.96-1.66) |
Hypertensionc | 1223 (61.2) | 180 (58.3) | 0.82 (0.63-1.06) |
Hyperlipidaemiac | 697 (34.9) | 114 (36.9) | 1.08 (0.83-1.41) |
Diabetes mellitusc | 328 (16.4) | 60 (19.4) | 1.08 (0.78-1.50) |
Goutc | 176 (8.8) | 22 (7.1) | 0.70 (0.43-1.14) |
Rheumatoid arthritisc | 55 (2.8) | 20 (6.5) | 1.46 (0.83-2.58) |
Osteoarthritisc | 858 (42.9) | 157 (50.8) | 1.13 (0.87-1.46) |
COPDc | 158 (7.9) | 34 (11.0) | 1.08 (0.71-1.65) |
Asthmac | 324 (16.2) | 54 (17.5) | 0.82 (0.59-1.15) |
Anaemiac | 177 (8.8) | 70 (22.7) | 2.53 (1.82-3.53) |
Stressc | 158 (7.9) | 42 (13.6) | 1.58 (1.06-2.33) |
Anxietyc | 351 (17.6) | 70 (22.7) | 1.21 (0.89-1.64) |
Depressionc | 474 (23.7) | 103 (33.3) | 1.38 (1.04-1.83) |
IBSc | 129 (6.5) | 25 (8.1) | 1.06 (0.66-1.71) |
GERDc | 280 (14.0) | 60 (19.4) | 1.13 (0.81-1.57) |
Uncomplicated PUD symptomsd | 471 (23.6) | 133 (43.0) | 2.09 (1.56-2.81) |