Figure 2From: Expression of cytokine and chemokine mRNA and secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α by gallbladder epithelial cells: Response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides Semi-quantitative RT-PCR Semi-quantitative RT-PCR products from cytokine mRNA using MIP-2, TNF-α, and IL-1β specific primers. C is untreated control cells. Treated cells were exposed to 100 μg/mL LPS from either E. coli or P. aeruginosa on the apical surface for two hours. ARP was used as an internal control to standardize starting mRNA quantity. PCR cycle number used was between 22 for ARP and 31 for TNF-α.Back to article page