Physical activity is associated with reduced risk of esophageal cancer, particularly esophageal adenocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 3 Sub-group analyses, as well as dose–response relationship, on the association of physical activity and esophageal cancer risk

Groups	Categories	No. of Studies	Adjusted OR	95% CI	Heterogeneity within groups (I²)	P-difference between groups
Study Design	Case–control	5	0.59	0.40-0.88	51	0.11
Study Design	Cohort	4	0.84	0.71-1.00	0	0.11
Study Location	Asian	2	0.43	0.09-2.00	84	0.51
Study Location	Western	7	0.72	0.58-0.89	18	0.51
Study Quality	High	4	0.84	0.71-1.00	0	0.11
Study Quality	Low	5	0.59	0.40-0.88	51	0.11
Dose–response	Middle tertile^a	5	0.88	0.70-1.10	19	0.41
	Highest tertile^a	5	0.76	0.60-0.97	0

^ausing least active people as reference category [Abbreviations: EAC-Esophageal adenocarcinoma; ESCC-Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma].

ISSN: 1471-230X