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Table 2 Factors associated with persistent gastrointestinal symptoms* in treated coeliac disease patients

From: Predictors of persistent symptoms and reduced quality of life in treated coeliac disease patients: a large cross-sectional study

Variable

 

n

Symptoms, %

OR

95% CI

p-value

Gender

Male

144

22

1.00

  
 

Female

452

26

1.26

0.80-1.97

0.317

Present age, years

< 25

12

20

1.00

  
 

25-60

380

24

1.25

0.26-6.01

0.778

 

> 60

204

27

1.51

0.31-7.33

0.611

Age at diagnosis, years

< 25

79

13

1.00

  
 

25-60

457

27

2.86

1.38-5.91

0.050

 

> 60

60

20

1.99

0.77-5.10

0.154

Symptoms at diagnosis

Gastrointestinal

410

27

1.00

  
 

Extraintestinal

95

17

0.56

0.31-1.00

0.050

 

Screen-detected

91

24

0.88

0.52-1.49

0.636

Duration of symptoms before diagnosis, years

No symptoms

37

11

1.00

  
 

≤ 10

350

22

2.33

0.80-6.77

0.121

 

> 10

182

34

4.16

1.41-12.28

0.010

Severity of symptoms at diagnosis

No symptoms

62

13

1.00

  
 

Moderate

457

25

2.27

1.05-4.91

0.037

 

Severe

77

31

3.06

1.26-7.41

0.013

Site of diagnosis

Hospital

446

25

1.00

  
 

Primary care

149

25

1.01

0.66-1.55

0.967

Coeliac disease in family

Yes

372

24

1.00

  
 

No

224

25

1.02

0.73-1.57

0.731

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

No

582

25

1.00

  
 

Yes

14

29

1.23

0.38-3.97

0.735

Thyroid disease

No

489

22

1.00

  
 

Yes

107

36

2.02

1.29-3.16

0.002

Malignancy

No

565

25

1.00

  
 

Yes

31

26

1.04

0.47-2.43

0.884

Psychiatric disease

No

578

24

1.00

  
 

Yes

18

39

1.99

0.76-5.22

0.164

Neurologic disease

No

520

24

1.00

  
 

Yes

76

30

1.38

0.81-2.35

0.231

Other food intolerance

No

470

22

1.00

  
 

Yes

126

33

1.74

1.13-2.67

0.012

Other gastrointestinal disease

No

388

22

1.00

  
 

Yes

208

34

1.80

1.16-2.80

0.009

Any coeliac disease-related co-morbidity

No

72

14

1.00

  
 

Yes

523

26

2.20

1.10-4.40

0.027

Strict gluten-free diet

Yes

523

24

1.00

  
 

No

73

27

1.17

0.68-2.04

0.570

Consumption of oats

No

105

25

1.00

  
 

Yes

487

23

0.87

0.54-1.41

0.568

Duration of diet, years

> 10

270

27

1.00

  
 

5-10

195

23

0.80

0.51-1.25

0.326

 

<5

131

25

0.92

0.57-1.42

0.730

Professional dietary advice

Yes

484

24

1.00

  
 

No

112

27

1.15

0.72-1.83

0.564

Regular follow-up

Yes

166

25

1.00

  
 

No

412

23

0.93

0.61-1.41

0.721

  1. *Defined as a score >1 standard deviation from the mean Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale total score of healthy controls; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio defined by bivariate logistic regression.