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Table 4 Pooled relative risks and 95% CI for coffee consumption and liver cancer risk

From: Consumption of coffee associated with reduced risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis

Study

No. of studies

No. of cases

Relative risk (95% CI)

         Heterogeneity

    

Q

P

I2(%)

High versus non/almost never intake

      

All studies

16

3,622

0.50 (0.42–0.59)

16.71

0.337

10.2%

Study design

      

Cohort studies

7

1,309

0.48 (0.38–0.62)

2.47

0.676

0.0%

Case–control studies

9

2,313

0.50 (0.40–0.63)

12.38

0.125

36.8%

Study region

      

Asia

11

1,892

0.45 (0.36–0.56)

7.86

0.642

0.0%

Europe

5

1,730

0.57 (0.44–0.75)

7.09

0.131

43.6%

Study gender

      

Male

4

583

0.38 (0.25–0.56)

1.83

0.609

0.0%

Female

4

247

0.60 (0.33–1.10)

0.94

0.815

0.0%

Adjustment for main confoundersa

      

Adjusted

11

2,512

0.54 (0.46–0.66)

8.5

0.581

0.0%

Unadjusted

5

1,110

0.39 (0.28–0.54)

5.34

0.254

25.1%

  1. amain confounder: hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infection or history of liver disease.