From: Consumption of coffee associated with reduced risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis
Study | No. of studies | No. of cases | Relative risk (95% CI) | Heterogeneity | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q | P | I2(%) | ||||
High versus non/almost never intake | ||||||
All studies | 16 | 3,622 | 0.50 (0.42–0.59) | 16.71 | 0.337 | 10.2% |
Study design | ||||||
Cohort studies | 7 | 1,309 | 0.48 (0.38–0.62) | 2.47 | 0.676 | 0.0% |
Case–control studies | 9 | 2,313 | 0.50 (0.40–0.63) | 12.38 | 0.125 | 36.8% |
Study region | ||||||
Asia | 11 | 1,892 | 0.45 (0.36–0.56) | 7.86 | 0.642 | 0.0% |
Europe | 5 | 1,730 | 0.57 (0.44–0.75) | 7.09 | 0.131 | 43.6% |
Study gender | ||||||
Male | 4 | 583 | 0.38 (0.25–0.56) | 1.83 | 0.609 | 0.0% |
Female | 4 | 247 | 0.60 (0.33–1.10) | 0.94 | 0.815 | 0.0% |
Adjustment for main confoundersa | ||||||
Adjusted | 11 | 2,512 | 0.54 (0.46–0.66) | 8.5 | 0.581 | 0.0% |
Unadjusted | 5 | 1,110 | 0.39 (0.28–0.54) | 5.34 | 0.254 | 25.1% |