Table 3 Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis
From: Consumption of coffee associated with reduced risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis
Author | Design | Study population | Study period and outcome | Case/Control | Coffee consumption | Risk estimate (95% CI) | Covariate adjustments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kuper et al. [11], 2000 | HCCS | Greece | 1995–1998 HCC incidence | 333/360 | Nondrinkers | 1 | Age, gender, years of schooling, HBsAg and/or anti-HCV status |
<20 cups/week | 1.1 (0.5–2.6) | ||||||
≥20 cups/week | 0.9 (0.4–2.5) | ||||||
Gallus et al. [12], 2002 | HCCS | Greece Italy | 1995–1998 | 834/1912 | Nondrinkers | 1.0 | Age, sex, smoking, alcohol drinking, history of diabetes or hepatitis, education, BMI |
1984–1997 HCC incidence | 1 cup/day | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | |||||
2 cup/day | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | ||||||
≥3 cups/day | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | ||||||
Shimazu et al. [20], 2005 | CS1 | Japan | 1984–1992 Primary liver cancer incidence | 70/22404 | Nondrinkers | 1.0 | Age, sex, smoking, alcohol drinking, history of liver disease |
occasionally | 0.56 (0.33–0.97) | ||||||
≥1 cups/day | 0.53 (0.28–1.00) | ||||||
Shimazu et al. [20], 2005 | CS2 | Japan | 1990–1997 Primary liver cancer incidence | 47/38703 | Nondrinkers | 1.0 | Age, sex, smoking, alcohol drinking, history of liver disease |
occasionally | 1.05 (0.52~2.16) | ||||||
≥1 cups/day | 0.68 (0.31~1.51) | ||||||
Kurozawa et al. [22], 2005 | CS | Japan | 1988–1999 HCC mortality | 258/83966 | Total | Age, sex, smoking, alcohol habits, history of diabetes or liver disease, education | |
Nondrinkers | 1.0 | ||||||
<1 cup/day | 0.83 (0.54–1.25) | ||||||
≥1 cup/day | 0.50 (0.31–0.79) | ||||||
Men | |||||||
Nondrinkers | 1.0 | ||||||
<1 cup/day | 0.91(0.57–1.45) | ||||||
≥1 cup/day | 0.49(0.28–0.85) | ||||||
Women | |||||||
Nondrinkers | 1.0 | ||||||
<1 cup/day | 0.64 (0.27–1.51) | ||||||
≥1 cup/day | 0.51 (0.20–1.31) | ||||||
Inoue et al. [21], 2005 | CS | Japan | 1990–2001 HCC incidence | 334/90452 | Men and women | Age, sex, study area, ethanol intake, green vegetable, green tea and smoking | |
Almost never | 1.0 | ||||||
1–2 day/week | 0.75 (0.56–1.01) | ||||||
3–4 day/week | 0.79 (0.55–1.14) | ||||||
1–2 cups/day | 0.52 (0.38–0.73) | ||||||
3–4 cups/day | 0.48 (0.28–0.83) | ||||||
≥5 cups/day | 0.24 (0.08–0.77) | ||||||
Men | |||||||
Almost never | 1.0 | ||||||
1–2 day/week | 0.74 (0.52–1.05) | ||||||
3–4 day/week | 0.76 (0.50–1.16) | ||||||
1–2 cups/day | 0.55 (0.38–0.80) | ||||||
3–4 cups/day | 0.41 (0.21–0.77) | ||||||
≥5 cups/day | 0.27 (0.09–0.87) | ||||||
women | |||||||
Almost never | 1.0 | ||||||
1–2 day/week | 0.77 (0.43–1.37) | ||||||
3–4 day/week | 0.89 (0.43–1.84) | ||||||
1–2 cups/day | 0.43 (0.20–0.90) | ||||||
3–4 cups/day | 0.89 (0.31–2.59) | ||||||
≥5 cups/day | ----- | ||||||
Gelatti et al. [13], 2005 | HCCS | Italy | 1994–2003 HCC incidence | 250/500 | Nondrinkers | 1.0 | Age, sex, alcohol drinking, HBV and/or HCV infection |
1–2 cups/day | 0.8 (0.4–1.3) | ||||||
3–4 cups/day | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | ||||||
≥5 cups/day | 0.3 (0.1–0.7) | ||||||
Ohfuji et al. [14], 2006 | HCCS | Japan | 2001–2002 HCC incidence | 73/253 | Nondrinkers | 1.0 | Age, sex, smoking, alcohol drinking, time since first identification of liver disease, BMI, disease severity, family history of liver disease, interferon therapy |
<1 cup/day | 0.61 (0.18–2.03) | ||||||
≥1 cup/day | 0.38 (0.13–1.12) | ||||||
Tanaka et al. [15], 2007 | PCCS | Japan | 2001–2004 HCC incidence | 209/1253 | Nondrinkers | 1.0 | Age, sex, smoking status, heavy alcohol drinking, |
occasionally | 0.33 (0.22~0.48) | ||||||
1–2 cups/day | 0.27 (0.15~0.48) | ||||||
≥3 cups/day | 0.22 (0.11~0.43) | ||||||
Montella et al. [16], 2007 | HCCS | Italy | 1999–2002 HCC incidence | 185/412 | Abstainers | 2.28 (0.99–5.24) | Age, sex, alcohol drinking, HBV and/or HCV infection, education, smoking, alcohol drinking |
<14 cups/week | 1.0 | ||||||
14–20 cups/week | 0.54 (0.27–1.07) | ||||||
21–27 cups/week | 0.57 (0.25–1.32) | ||||||
≥28 cups/week | 0.43 (0.16–1.13) | ||||||
Wakai et al. [17], 2007 | NCCS | Japan | 1988–1990 HCC incidence | 96/3444 | Nondrinkers | 1.0 | Age, sex, smoking, alcohol drinking, consumption of areca,educational levels, ethnicity,source of hospital |
<1 cup/day | 0.77 (0.45–1.32) | ||||||
≥1 cup/day | 0.49 (0.25–0.96) | ||||||
Hu et al. [23], 2008 | CS | Finland | 1997–2002 HCC incidence | 128/60323 | Total | Age, sex, smoking, alcohol drinking, education, study year, diabetes and chronic liver disease BMI and during follow up. | |
0–1 cup/day | 1.0 | ||||||
2–3 cups/day | 0.66 (0.37–1.16) | ||||||
4–5 cups/day | 0.44 (0.25–0.77) | ||||||
6–7 cups/day | 0.38 (0.21–0.69) | ||||||
≥8 cups/day | 0.32 (0.16~0.62) | ||||||
Men | |||||||
0–1 cup/day | 1.0 | ||||||
2–3 cups/day | 0.68 (0.35–1.31) | ||||||
4–5 cups/day | 0.35 (0.18–0.71) | ||||||
6–7 cups/day | 0.31 (0.15–0.63) | ||||||
≥8 cups/day | 0.28 (0.13–0.61) | ||||||
Women | |||||||
0–1 cup/day | 1.0 | ||||||
2–3 cups/day | 0.62 (0.19–2.04) | ||||||
4–5 cups/day | 0.60 (0.20–1.82) | ||||||
6–7 cups/day | 0.58 (0.19–1.82) | ||||||
≥8 cups/day | 0.41 (0.10–1.70) | ||||||
Ohishi et al. [18], 2008 | NCCS | Japan | 1999–2002 HCC incidence | 224/644 | Nondrinkers | 1.0 | Hepatitis virus infection, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, BMI, diabetes mellitus, and radiation dose to the liver |
Daily | 0.40 (0.16–1.02) | ||||||
Inoue et al. [24], 2009 | CS | Japan | 1993–1994 HCC incidence | 110/18815 | Total | Age, sex, area, smoking, alcohol drinking, BMI, diabetes mellitus, green tea consumption, serum ALTlevel, and HBV and HCV infection status | |
Almost never | 1.0 | ||||||
<1 cup/day | 0.67 (0.42–1.07) | ||||||
1–2 cups/day | 0.49 (0.27–0.91) | ||||||
≥3 cups/day | 0.54 (0.21–1.39) | ||||||
Men | |||||||
Almost never | 1.0 | ||||||
<1 cup/day | 0.79 (0.46–1.37) | ||||||
1–2 cups/day | 0.37 (0.17–0.81) | ||||||
≥3 cups/day | 0.32 (0.10–1.10) | ||||||
Women | |||||||
Almost never | 1.0 | ||||||
<1 cup/day | 0.39 (0.15–1.03) | ||||||
1–2 cups/day | 0.92 (0.36–2.38) | ||||||
≥3 cups/day | 0.69 (0.11–4.22) | ||||||
Johnson et al. [25], 2011 | CS | Chinese | 1993–2006 HCC incidence | 362/61321 | Nondrinkers | 1.0 | Age at recruitment, sex, dialect group, year of recruitment, BMI, level of education, consumption of alcoholic beverages, smoking, black tea and green tea intake, and history of diabetes. |
0-<1 drinkers/day | 0.94 (0.63–1.40) | ||||||
1-<2 drinkers/day | 1.17 (0.87–1.56) | ||||||
2-<3 drinkers/day | 0.78 (0.56–1.07) | ||||||
≥3 drinkers/day | 0.56 (0.31–1.00) | ||||||
Leung et al. [19], 2011 | HCCS | HongKong | 2007–2008 HCC incidence | 109/125 | <1 time/week | 1.0 | Age, sex, alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, tea consumption and physical activity |
1–3 times/week | 0.58 (0.24–1.36) | ||||||
≥4 times/week | 0.41 (0.19–0.89) |