Table 1 Demographic, clinical, psychological, and heart rate variability characteristics

Demographic

Age, year

58.0 ± 11.8

56.6 ± 12.0

58.6 ± 11.1

60.7 ± 12.1

0.578

Gender, Male (%)

29 (52.7)

25 (58.1)

36 (62.1)

12 (50.0)

0.680

Clinical

Child-Pugh score

5.6 ± 0.5

7.9 ± 0.8

10.5 ± 0.9

<0.001

A < B < C

Duration of illness, year

3.2 ± 3.4

3.1 ± 4.0

3.5 ± 3.6

0.940

Viral hepatitis, N (%)

32 (74.4)

37 (63.8)

14 (58.3)

0.346

Alcoholism, N (%)

1 (2.3)

8 (13.8)

5 (20.8)

0.048

A < B < C

Parasite, N (%)

2 (4.7)

1 (1.7)

2 (8.3)

0.368

Autoimmune, N (%)

2 (4.7)

3 (5.2)

0 (0)

0.533

Hepatic-encephalopathy, N (%)

0 (0)

5 (8.6)

2 (8.4)

0.143

Ascites, N (%)

3 (7.0)

21 (36.2)

21 (87.5)

<0.001

A < B < C

Albumin, g/L

35.4 ± 4.5

26.8 ± 4.9

26.2 ± 4.7

<0.001

A > B = C

ALT, U/L

46.7 ± 44.7

39.3 ± 34.1

59.7 ± 77.7

0.233

AST, U/L

40.2 ± 21.7

57.5 ± 34.5

79.9 ± 54.2

<0.001

A = B < C

GGT, U/L

71.2 ± 87.0

68.0 ± 69.4

95.8 ± 105.6

0.384

ALP, U/L

102.4 ± 60.6

114.2 ± 56.7

135.0 ± 59.9

0.105

T-Bil, μmol/L

23.2 ± 7.4

42.3 ± 38.8

91.9 ± 47.1

<0.001

A < B < C

D-Bil, μmol/L

6.4 ± 3.2

14.1 ± 21.3

44.3 ± 33.9

<0.001

A = B < C

INR

1.24 ± 0.14

1.66 ± 1.68

1.69 ± 0.36

0.185

Psychological measurements

PSQI

6.4 ± 3.2

7.6 ± 4.6

10.0 ± 5.2

0.007

A = B < C

HAMD

10.0 ± 10.4

11.2 ± 10.2

17.4 ± 9.6

0.017

A = B < C

HAMA

5.8 ± 4.9

6.6 ± 5.9

8.8 ± 6.2

0.125

Heart rate variability

Mean heart rate, beats/minute

84.4 ± 11.8

75.4 ± 11.0

80.1 ± 14.0

83.8 ± 16.7

0.011

H > A

SDNN, ms

42.9 ± 15.1

34.7 ± 15.3

33.3 ± 20.5

22.8 ± 13.8

<0.001

H = A = B > C

RMSSD, ms

28.2 ± 10.1

29.7 ± 14.8

27.8 ± 19.8

18.3 ± 11.7

0.035

H = A = B > C

VLF power, ln(ms²/Hz)

7.58 ± 0.84

6.95 ± 0.96

6.60 ± 1.37

6.19 ± 1.22

0.051

LF power, ln(ms²/Hz)

6.99 ± 0.84

6.33 ± 1.12

5.84 ± 1.19

5.21 ± 1.48

<0.001

H = A > B > C

HF power, ln(ms²/Hz)

6.56 ± 0.88

6.22 ± 1.17

5.81 ± 1.26

4.91 ± 1.60

0.044

H = A = B > C

LF/HF ratio

1.67 ± 0.65

1.39 ± 0.98

1.29 ± 0.87

1.76 ± 1.42

0.086

DFA, α

0.80 ± 0.10

0.77 ± 0.15

0.77 ± 0.17

0.83 ± 0.13

0.340

DFA, α₁

1.14 ± 0.18

0.91 ± 0.27

0.81 ± 0.31

0.89 ± 0.25

<0.001

H > A = B = C

DFA, α₂

0.94 ± 0.15

0.94 ± 0.22

0.98 ± 0.23

1.02 ± 0.20

0.384