Figure 1

Custom tissue holder for organ bath perfusion studies. A stainless steel tissue holder was modified to hold a 4–5 cm segment of small intestine. The tissue was attached to the fire-polished glass capillaries with sutures at either end. The assembly was then placed in the 37°C thermostated organ bath which was filled with bicarbonate buffered Ringer’s solution and continuously gassed with 95% O₂/5% CO₂. The tissue was perfused with PBS using a peristaltic pump at a flow rate of ~0.2 mL min-1. The outflow was collected at 5 min intervals for the 1st 30 min (equilibration) followed by addition of stimulus and collection of outflow at 3 min intervals (stimulated)