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Table 6 The effects of alcohol drinking on the liver function tests by multivariable analyses a

From: Effects of coffee, smoking, and alcohol on liver function tests: a comprehensive cross-sectional study

 

n

Total cholesterol, g/dL

Total protein, g/dL

Albumin, g/dL

Alkaline phosphatase, IU/L

AST, IU/L

ALT, IU/L

Ln(GGT)

Total bilirubin, mg/dL

1) History of alcohol drinking

None drinker

173

200.2 (192.0, 208.3)

7.13 (7.04, 7.21)

4.46 (4.41, 4.52)

68.6 (64.3, 72.9)

25.8 (23.0, 28.5)

28.7 (24.8, 32.7)

3.27 (3.13, 3.41)

1.00 (0.91, 1.10)

Past drinker, quit

19

189.2 (172.2, 206.4)

7.13 (6.94, 7.31)

4.49 (4.39, 4.60)

58.0 (49.2, 66.9) *

29.3 (23.5, 35.1)

28.6 (20.3, 37.0)

3.10 (2.81, 3.40)

1.00 (0.80, 1.19)

Current drinker

308

195.5 (188.7, 202.3)

7.08 (7.01, 7.16)

4.43 (4.39, 4.48)

64.0 (60.4, 67.5) *

25.0 (22.8, 27.3)

27.3 (24.0, 30.6)

3.43 (3.31, 3.55) *

1.07 (0.99, 1.14)

p for trend

500

0.269

0.291

0.225

0.037

0.514

0.441

0.016

0.156

2) Daily amount of alcohol (g)

No

180

199.8 (191.7, 207.9)

7.13 (7.05, 7.22)

4.46 (4.41, 4.52)

68.2 (63.9, 72.4)

26.7 (24.0, 29.5)

29.1 (35.1, 33.0)

3.23 (3.10, 3.37)

0.99 (0.89, 1.08)

Not heavy (< 60g/day for male, <20g/day for female)

290

194.1 (187.3, 200.9)

7.07 (7.00, 7.15)

4.44 (4.40, 4.48)

62.8 (59.3, 66.3) *

24.2 (21.9, 26.5)

26.3 (23.0, 29.6)

3.31 (3.20, 3.43)

1.06 (0.98, 1.13)

Heavy (≥ 60 g/day for male, ≥20 g/day for female)

30

199.2 (185.8, 212.5)

7.15 (7.01, 7.30)

4.45 (4.37, 4.54)

66.8 (59.9, 73.8)

30.4 (25.9, 34.9)

32.8 (26.3, 39.3)

4.00 (3.77, 4.22) *

1.14 (0.99, 1.29)

p for trend

500

0.412

0.593

0.471

0.111

0.963

0.939

<0.001

0.041

3) Duration of alcohol drinking (years)

<10

258

195.7 (188.1, 203.3)

7.12 (7.04, 7.20)

4.46 (4.41, 4.51)

67.1 (36.1, 71.1)

25.6 (23.0, 28.1)

26.7 (23.0, 30.4)

3.22 (3.09, 3.35)

1.00 (0.92, 1.09)

≥ 10

236

197.1 (190.1, 204.2)

7.10 (7.02, 7.17)

4.45 (4.41, 4.50)

63.1 (59.4, 66.8)

25.7 (23.3, 28.1)

28.7 (25.3, 32.5)

3.46 (3.34, 3.58) *

1.08 (1.00, 1.16)

p for trend

494

0.725

0.616

0.807

0.057

0.918

0.289

0.001

0.111

4) Lifetime amount of alcohol (x10 3 g)

Never

173

200.1 (191.8, 208.4)

7.13 (7.04, 7.22)

4.47 (4.42, 4.52)

68.7 (64.3, 73.0)

25.5 (22.7, 28.3)

28.4 (24.4, 32.5)

3.20 (3.06, 3.34)

1.00 (0.90, 1.09)

Mild (<100 x103 g for male, <35 x103 g for female)

185

193.0 (185.4, 200.6)

7.10 (7.02, 7.18)

4.56 (4.41, 4.50)

64.3 (60.3, 68.3) *

24.5 (22.0, 27.1)

27.5 (23.8, 31.2)

3.24 (3.11, 3.37)

1.07 (0.99, 1.09)

Moderate (100–200 x103 g for male, 35–70 x103 g for female)

40

203.6 (191.4, 215.8)

7.00 (6.87, 7.13)

4.44 (4.36, 4.51)

59.9 (53.5, 66.2) *

23.6 (19.5, 27.7)

23.4 (17.4, 29.3)

3.35 (3.14, 3.56)

0.97 (0.83, 1.11)

Heavy (≥200 x103 g for male, ≥70 x103 g for female)

96

195.4 (186.5, 204.3)

7.12 (7.02, 7.21)

4.44 (4.38, 4.50)

62.6 (58.0, 67.3) *

27.7 (24.7, 30.7)

38.8 (24.5, 33.1)

3.68 (3.53, 3.83) *

1.08 (0.98, 1.18)

p for trend

494

0.679

0.618

0.329

0.026

0.237

0.929

<0.001

0.316

  1. Abbreviation:AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; Ln(GGT), natural logarithmic scale of gamma-glutamyltransferase.
  2. a Data are presented as mean (95% C.I.). Estimated mean and 95% CI were calculated by using multivariable linear regression model adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, regular medication, daily coffee drinking (none, < 1 cup, 1–2 cups, ≥ 3 cups) and smoking (none, < 0.5 pack, 0.5-1 pack, > 1 packs) amounts.
  3. *P-value <0.05 compared to none or never drinkers.