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Table 4 The effects of coffee consumption on the liver function tests by multivariable analyses a

From: Effects of coffee, smoking, and alcohol on liver function tests: a comprehensive cross-sectional study

 

n

Total cholesterol, g/dL

Total protein, g/dL

Albumin, g/dL

Alkaline phosphatase, IU/L

AST, IU/L

ALT, IU/L

Ln(GGT)

Total bilirubin, mg/dL

1) History of coffee

None drinker

37

197.0 (184.4, 209.6)

7.24 (7.11, 7.48)

4.52 (4.44, 4.60)

68.7 (62.0, 75.1)

26.6 (22.2, 30.9)

28.8 (22.7, 35.0)

3.51 (3.30, 3.72)

1.01 (0.87, 1.15)

Past drinker, quitted

19

189.8 (173.3, 206.4)

7.20 (7.02, 7.37)

4.52 (4.42, 4.63)

72.7 (64.1, 81.3)

25.8 (20.1, 31.4)

27.5 (19.4, 35.6)

3.47 (3.19, 3.75)

0.99 (0.80, 1.18)

Current drinker

436

198.9 (192.2, 205.6)

7.07 (7.00, 7.14) *

4.42 (4.38, 4.46) *

63.9 (60.4, 67.4)

26.6 (24.4, 28.9)

29.0 (25.7, 32.2)

3.52 (3.40, 3.63)

1.08 (1.00, 1.15)

p for trend

492

0.528

0.003

0.003

0.042

0.898

0.879

0.859

0.221

2) Daily amount of coffee consumption (cups/day)

No

42

195.7 (183.7, 207.7)

7.26 (7.13, 7.38)

4.53 (4.45, 4.61)

70.5 (64.2, 76.7)

26.5 (22.5, 30.5)

28.9 (23.1, 34.7)

3.51 (3.31, 3.71)

1.02 (0.88, 1.15)

<1

107

196.4 (187.5, 205.4)

7.10 (7.00, 7.20) *

4.43 (4.37, 4.48) *

65.5 (60.8, 70.2)

31.3 (28.3, 34.3)*

33.2 (28.8, 37.5)

3.54 (3.39, 3.69)

1.11 (1.01, 1.21)

1-2

223

197.8 (190.3, 205.3)

7.09 (8.01, 7.17) *

4.43 (4.38, 4.48) *

63.7 (59.8, 67.6) *

25.6 (23.1, 28.1)

27.8 (24.2, 31.4)

3.52 (3.40, 3.65)

1.09 (1.00, 1.18)

≥3

120

200.9 (192.4, 209.4)

7.04 (6.95, 7.13) *

4.42 (4.37, 4.48) *

64.1 (59.7, 68.5) *

25.1 (22.2, 27.9)

27.7 (23.6, 31.9)

3.49 (3.35, 3.63)

1.03 (0.93, 1.13)

p for trend

492

0.326

0.005

0.048

0.068

0.006

0.088

0.733

0.691

3) Duration of coffee drinking (years)

Never

37

196.6 (184.0, 209.1)

7.25 (7.11, 7.38)

4.52 (4.44, 4.60)

69.1 (62.5, 75.6)

26.6 (22.3, 30.9)

28.7 (22.5, 34.8)

3.50 (3.30, 3.71)

1.00 (0.87, 1.15)

<10

93

191.9 (182.5, 201.3)

7.06 (6.96, 7.17) *

4.45 (4.39, 4.51)

68.2 (63.3, 73.1)

27.9 (24.7, 31.1)

28.6 (23.9, 33.2)

3.43 (3.29, 3.59)

1.08 (0.97, 1.19)

11-29

299

198.9 (192.0, 205.9)

7.08 (7.00, 7.15) *

4.43 (4.38, 4.47) *

63.3 (59.6, 67.0)

26.6 (24.3, 29.0)

29.7 (26.3, 33.0)

3.55 (3.43, 3.66)

1.07 (0.99, 1.15)

≥30

59

203.0 (191.6, 214.3)

7.11 (6.99, 7.24)

4.41 (4.33, 4.48) *

65.3 (59.4, 71.2)

24.6 (20.7, 28.5)

25.1 (19.6, 30.7)

3.45 (3.26, 3.64)

1.10 (0.97, 1.23)

p for trend

488

0.132

0.144

0.013

0.046

0.295

0.633

0.642

0.396

4) Lifetime amount of coffee consumption (cups)

0

42

195.0 (183.1, 207.0)

7.25 (7.13, 7.38)

4.53 (4.45, 4.61)

70.4 (64.2, 76.6)

26.6 (22.5, 30.6)

28.9 (23.1, 34.8)

3.51 (3.30, 3.71)

1.02 (0.88, 1.15)

1-10000

233

194.2 (186.5, 201.9)

7.12 (7.04, 7.20) *

4.44 (4.39, 4.49) *

64.8 (60.8, 68.9)

29.0 (26.4, 31.6)

30.7 (27.0, 34.5)

3.53 (3.40, 3.66)

1.12 (1.03, 1.21)

10001-20000

139

198.5 (190.5, 206.5)

7.02 (6.93, 7.10) *

4.40 (4.35, 4.46) *

62.8 (58.6, 67.0) *

25.2 (22.5, 28.0)

27.9 (23.9, 31.8)

3.50 (3.37, 3.63)

1.04 (0.95, 1.13)

>20000

78

207.3 (196.5, 215.9)

7.08 (6.98, 7.19) *

4.44 (4.38, 4.50) *

65.2 (60.1, 70.3)

24.4 (21.2, 27.7)

27.2 (22.4, 31.9)

3.50 (3.34, 3.66)

1.05 (0.94, 1.16)

p for trend

492

0.029

0.005

0.046

0.155

0.015

0.18

0.737

0.428

  1. Abbreviation:AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; Ln(GGT), natural logarithmic scale of gamma-glutamyltransferase.
  2. a Data are presented as mean (95% C.I.). Estimated mean and 95% CI were calculated by using multivariable linear regression model adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, regular medication, daily alcohol drinking (none, M < 60 g or F < 20 g, M ≥ 60 g or F ≥ 20 g) and smoking (none, < 0.5 pack, 0.5-1 pack, > 1 packs) amounts.
  3. *P-value <0.05 compared to none or never drinkers.