Table 3 Effects of coffee, smoking and alcohol on liver function tests by univariate analyses a
N | Total cholesterol, g/dL | Total protein, g/dL | Albumin, g/dL | Alkaline phosphatase, IU/L | AST, IU/L | ALT, IU/L | Ln(GGT) | Total bilirubin, mg/dL | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Daily coffee drinking amount (cups/day) | No | 43 | 197.5 (38.9) | 7.29 (0.36) | 4.55 (0.25) | 70.2 (23.0) | 24.6 (7.8) | 25.4 (13.1) | 3.22 (0.68) | 1.05 (0.40) |
Mild (<1) | 109 | 194.4 (30.9) | 7.13 (0.35) | 4.44 (0.26) | 62.5 (15.2) | 27.4 (20.7) | 28.2 (25.9) | 3.18 (0.78) | 1.09 (0.43) | |
Moderate (1–2) | 228 | 198.2 (36.9) | 7.10 (0.39) | 4.43 (0.22) | 61.9 (19.6) | 23.1 (8.9) | 23.8 (14.8) | 3.20 (0.68) | 1.08 (0.42) | |
Heavy (≥3) | 120 | 202.8 (33.9) | 7.04 (0.35) | 4.44 (0.23) | 63.7 (17.3) | 23.7 (8.3) | 27.6 (15.9) | 3.40 (0.75) | 1.06 (0.37) | |
p-value | 0.344 | 0.002 | 0.025 | 0.057 | 0.029 | 0.111 | 0.051 | 0.888 | ||
Daily smoking amount (pack/day) | No | 262 | 196.2 (36.3) | 7.16 (0.39) | 4.43 (0.23) | 61.4 (20.0) | 22.3 (7.5) | 21.3 (14.3) | 2.93 (0.61) | 1.00 (0.39) |
Mild (<0.5) | 76 | 200.1 (32.4) | 7.07 (0.37) | 4.48 (0.35) | 62.8 (15.3) | 27.3 (22.7) | 30.2 (22.8) | 3.51 (0.76) | 1.18 (0.45) | |
Moderate (0.5-1) | 96 | 200.1 (34.7) | 7.03 (0.35) | 4.46 (0.24) | 66.6 (17.1) | 25.5 (10.0) | 31.8 (20.3) | 3.63 (0.65) | 1.15 (0.39) | |
Heavy (>1) | 39 | 203.5 (30.5) | 7.04 (0.34) | 4.43 (0.20) | 64.0 (15.6) | 25.8 (9.4) | 30.8 (17.9) | 3.82 (0.61) | 1.09 (0.32) | |
p-value | 0.524 | 0.01 | 0.344 | 0.124 | 0.003 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
Daily drinking amount (g/day) | No | 180 | 200.5 (34.1) | 7.14 (0.35) | 4.41 (0.22) | 64.9 (21.4) | 24.3 (14.3) | 23.0 (17.3) | 2.93 (0.57) | 0.97 (0.36) |
Not heavy (< 60g/day for male, <20g/day for female) | 290 | 196.7 (35.5) | 7.09 (0.39) | 4.47 (0.24) | 61.9 (15.7) | 23.7 (8.2) | 26.5 (16.7) | 3.36 (0.68) | 1.13 (0.42) | |
Heavy ( ≥ 60 g/day for male, ≥20 g/day for female) | 30 | 203.2 (37.7) | 7.12 (0.38) | 4.43 (0.24) | 65.2 (25.3) | 30.5 (25.7) | 35.6 (28.1) | 4.08 (0.94) | 1.17 (0.45) | |
p-value | 0.394 | 0.369 | 0.03 | 0.198 | 0.016 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||