Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study population
Total | Male | Female | p-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N=500 | n=268 | n=232 | ||
Age a, years | 46.5 (10.8) | 46.7 (10.8) | 46.2 (10.8) | 0.432 |
BMI a, kg/m2 | 23.5 (3.4) | 24.5 (3.5) | 22.3 (2.9) | <0.001 |
Obesity (BMI≥25)b | 144 (28.8) | 107 (39.9) | 37 (15.9) | <0.001 |
Overweight (BMI ≥23)b | 269 (53.8) | 190 (70.9) | 79 (34.1) | <0.001 |
Regular medication b | 83 (16.6) | 50 (18.7) | 33 (14.2) | 0.188 |
Anti-hypertensive drug | 69 (13.8) | 42 (15.7) | 27 (11.7) | 0.242 |
Oral hypoglycemic agent | 9 (1.8) | 7 (2.6) | 2 (0.9) | 0.186 |
Anti-hypercholesterolemic drug | 13 (2.6) | 7 (2.6) | 6 (2.6) | 1.000 |
Ultrasonography b | ||||
Fatty liver | 46 (9.2) | 37 (13.8) | 9 (3.9) | <0.001 |
Liver function tests a | ||||
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 198.4 (35.2) | 201.6 (33.9) | 194.9 (36.3) | 0.030 |
Total protein, g/dL | 7.11 (0.37) | 7.11 (0.36) | 7.11 (0.39) | 0.970 |
Albumin, g/dL | 4.44 (0.24) | 4.50 (0.24) | 3.38 (0.22) | <0.001 |
Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 1.07 (0.41) | 1.17 (0.38) | 0.96 (0.41) | <0.001 |
ALP, IU/L | 63.2 (18.6) | 65.3 (15.9) | 60.8 (21.1) | 0.008 |
AST, IU/L | 24.3 (12.4) | 25.8 (11.8) | 22.6 (12.8) | 0.005 |
ALT, IU/L | 25.8 (18.0) | 30.7 (18.0) | 20.1 (16.3) | <0.001 |
GGT, IU/L | 35.3 (39.4) | 46.0 (35.7) | 33.9 (39.9) | <0.001 |
Ln(GGT) | 3.25 (0.72) | 3.60 (0.64) | 2.83 (0.58) | <0.001 |
Coffee | ||||
Drinking history b | ||||
None drinker | 38 (7.6) | 19 (7.1) | 19 (8.2) | 0.525† |
Past drinker, quitted | 19 (3.8) | 9 (3.4) | 10 (4.3) | |
Current drinker | 443 (88.6) | 240 (89.6) | 203 (87.5) | |
Type of coffee b | ||||
Instant | 289 (57.8) | 164 (61.2) | 125 (53.9) | 0.084† |
Brewed | 40 (8.0) | 21 (7.8) | 19 (8.2) | |
Instant and brewed (mixed) | 66 (13.2) | 33 (12.3) | 33 (14.2) | |
Others | 105 (21.0) | 50 (18.7) | 55 (23.7) | |
Daily amount of coffee consumption (cups/day) b | ||||
0 | 43 (8.6) | 22 (8.2) | 21 (9.1) | 0.001† |
<1 | 109 (21.8) | 51 (19.0) | 58 (25.0) | |
1-2 | 229 (45.6) | 108 (40.3) | 120 (51.7) | |
≥ 3 | 120 (24.0) | 87 (32.5) | 33 (14.2) | |
Smoking | ||||
History b | ||||
None smoker | 262 (53.3) | 50 (18.7) | 212 (94.2) | <0.001† |
Past smoker, quitted | 111 (22.6) | 109 (40.8) | 2 (0.9) | |
Current smoker | 119 (24.2) | 108 (40.4) | 11 (4.9) | |
Daily smoking amount (packs/day) b | n=473 | n=249 | n=224 | |
No | 262 (55.4) | 50 (20.1) | 212 (94.6) | <0.001† |
<0.5 | 76 (16.1) | 66 (26.5) | 10 (4.5) | |
0.5-1 | 96 (20.3) | 94 (37.8) | 2 (0.9) | |
> 1 | 39 (8.2) | 39 (15.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
Alcohol | ||||
Drinking history b | ||||
None drinker | 173 (34.6) | 32 (11.9) | 141 (60.8) | <0.001† |
Past drinker, quitted | 19 (3.8) | 13 (4.9) | 6 (2.6) | |
Current drinker | 308 (61.6) | 223 (83.2) | 85 (36.6) | |
Daily amount of alcohol consumption b | ||||
No | 180 (36.0) | 34 (12.7) | 146 (62.9) | <0.001† |
Not heavy (< 60g/day for male, <20g/day for female) | 290 (58.0) | 213 (79.5) | 77 (33.2) | |
Heavy (≥ 60 g/day for male, ≥20 g/day for female) | 30 (6.0) | 21 (7.8) | 9 (3.9) | |
Duration of drinking b | ||||
≥ 10 years | 236 (49.4) | 203 (76.0) | 43 (18.6) | <0.001 |